Belong to the crocodile family. There are two varieties: ` (1) American: Native to Americas. Larger than the other variety. (2) Chinese: Native only to China. Smaller in size.

Gastroliths: Besides digestion, it help the Alligators to float on water.

A.  (1) Aardvark: Native to Africa. Their long nose front is similar to that of a pig. (2) Numbat: Western Australia. (3) Echidna: Papua New Guinea & Australia. (4) Pangolins: A nocturnal animal found in tropical. (5) Giant Ant Eater: Central and South America. Sometimes grow about 6-8 feet in length.

A mammal belonging to the Bovidae family. There are about 90 species among them. They are famous for their branched out horns. Sometimes raising for 3-4 feet above their head. The most famous among them are:
(1) Royal Antelope: The smallest of them, found in West African forests.
(2) Giant Antelope: Found in CA Republic, Sudan, Cameroon, Senegal.
(3) Black Buck: Found in India mainly and some in Pakistan and Nepal.

The famous Hindi film actor Salman Khan was charged under wild life protection act for hunting the Black Buck.

(1) Lesser Apes: Gibbons, Lar Gibbon, Siamang. (2) Great Apes: Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimpanzees (and also the human). They are native to Africa and Asia. Few of them omnivores. They are tail less.

Troop.

(1) Mammoth, (2) Poitou, (3) American Spotted, (4) Cypriot.

India - in the Rann of Kutch, Gujarat.

They are only mammal that can also fly. There are about 1100 species. Mostly insectivores and also feed on fruits. They are brought under two major classifications. Mega & Micro.

Sonar.

Texas, US from 1994.

30 years.

Mammals belonging to the pig family, native only to Central Europe, Mediterranean region, and some Asiatic region. Male boars have a tusk of about 30 cm in length. Nocturnal and omnivores.

Sounders.

Flying insects closely related to the Wasps and ants feeding mainly on nectar and pollens of flowers. There are 20000 varieties spread all over except Antarctica.

Dwarf Bee - 2.1 mm, Smallest. Megachile Pluto - 39 mm/1.5 inches - Largest.

Western honey bee - which also produces the maximum honey.

Apiculture.

They are the major source of the pollination process of the flowering plants.

Mason Bee.

It is the process by which the replacement of Queens either naturally or by inducement. Supersedure cells are normally found in the center of the brood nest.

Male bees developed through, unfertilized eggs, of worker bees.

Piping.

The natural means of reproduction of honey bee colonies.

Three life stages of bees - Eggs, Larvae and Pupae.

Langsroth Hives.

A honey bee secretion that is used in the nutrition of larvae, that is few to all larvae. Queen Bee is fed for more number of days than any other worker bee.

A mass of Hexagonal wax cells built by honey bees in their nests to contain their larvae and stores honey and pollen.

A place where bee hives are kept.

An enclosed structure, in which some species of honey bees live and raise their young.

Rev. L.L.Langsroth in 1853.

Another style of Bee keeping hives mostly in use in industrialized nations.

Apiology.

A carnivores mammal, with large haired body, stocky legs, long snout, shaggy hair, paws with non-retractile claws and a short tail. They are both nocturnal and Diurnal. Closely related to dogs.

Giant Panda, Red Panda, Spectacled Bear, Syrian Brown Bear, Grizzly Bear, Kodiak Bear, Himalayan Bear, American Black Bear, Cinnamon Bear, Polar Bear, Asiatic Black Bear, Sloth Bear, Sun Bear.

Giant Panda, Red Panda.

Giant Panda.

Red Panda - a highly endangered specie.

Giant Panda: Native to central, western and south China. Generally feed on Bamboos and may take eggs, honey, fish, yams etc. Have black and white fur. Live in mountain region. Life span is around 20-30 years.
Red Panda: Native to south east Asia - Highly endangered specie. Very small among the bears. Mostly feed on bamboos and are crepuscular by nature.
Spectacled Bear: Also called Andean Bear. Native to south American countries. Black Body with Beige colored marking on its face and chest. Weighs around 200 kgs. Feed on roots, leaves, shoots, insects etc.
Syrian Brown Bear: Small in size and native to west Asian countries like Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Iran, Iraq etc. They are Omnivores.
Grizzly Bear: Also called Silver Tip Bear. Native to North America - Brownish yellow is color - Large is size and many weigh around 700 kg, and up to 8 feet tall. They are omnivores.
Kodiak Bear: Only to Kodiak Archipelago near Alaska, US. Omnivores. Large in size and many reach 10 ft in height.
Himalayan Brown Bear: Sandy and Reddish Brown - Native to Himalayan. Medium sized up to 7 feet tall and weigh between 300-350 kg. They are omnivores.                                                                                                                                                                American Black Bear: Omnivores - Medium sized up to 6 feet and weigh around 275 kg. Cinnamon and Kermode Bear belong to this specie.
Polar Bear: Carnivores - Large in size, weighs around 700 kgs and many stand up to 10 feet tall - white colored - live arctic, regions like Greenland, Denmark, Norway, Siberia and Alaska.
Asiatic Black Bear: Native to Asiatic countries, medium sized, black furred, distinct with a creamy "V" shaped chest - Omnivores - Sloth Bear also belong to this specie. Sloth Bear is famous for hunting honey combs. Sloth bear has two species - Sri Lankan and Indian.
Sun Bear: Omnivores - Native to Malaysia and Indonesia - small in size - 4 feet on hind legs - 65 in weight.

American, European: Native to North America and Europe. Wild in nature and hardly domesticated. Life 20 years. Grows up to 8 to 12 feet in length, and 5.5 to 7 feet in height. Weighs between 1000-1500 kg.
Indian: Also called Gaur, Gayal or Mithun. Domesticated animal.
Buffalo: Belong to Bison family. Water buffaloes are domesticated for milk.
There are a few other varieties; American buffalo, Domestic Asian water buffalo, while buffalo, European buffalo also called Wisent.

Flutterby (original name)

The family of insects in the order of Lepidoptera.

(1) Egg, (2) Larvae/ Caterpillar stage, (3) An inactive pupal stage, (4) colourful metamorphosis into a colorful winged adult form.

They are the major source of pollination.

There are about 17500 species classified into three major categories: (1) Hedyloidea: American moth butterflies. (2) Hesperioidea: The tree butterflies, which are further classified into 5 categories based on their physical features and colorations: (1) Papilionidea, (2) Peridae, (3) Lycaenidae, (4) Riodinidae, (5) Nymphalidae.

Melanin. The structural coloration is the result of coherent scattering of light by the photonic crystal nature of the scales.

Nectar, Pollen, Roller fruits, dissolved minerals in wet sand and dirt.

Monarch, Painted Lady, Dannie.

A mammal capable of living in adverse climatic conditions. Mostly domesticated. Native to dry desert regions of Africa, Asia and Australia. Life span 50 to 60 years. Weighs around 650 kg.

Camels have humps - a pyramid like tissue protrusion, which is a reservoir of fatty tissue. The tissue when metabolized become a source of energy.

(1) They have very tough feet so that they can endure the scorching desert sands;
(2) Their RBCs are oval shaped which facilitates the flow of blood even in a dehydrated state; These cells are also more stable and withstand high osmotic variations without repturing when drinking large quantity of water - 20 to 25 gallons in one drink;
(3) Kidneys of camel are very efficient, in that they filter the waste and let out the wine in a thick syrup from and their feces (excrete solid) are very dry. This helps in water conservation in the body;
(4) They are capable of withstanding climatic changes;
(5) Their nostrils are so featured that large amount of water vapour in exhalation is trapped and returned to the body fluid circle again and again.
(6) It can withstand 20 to 25% weight loss due to sweating while other animals can bear only 3 to 4% loss.
(7) Being herbivores, it is able to retain the moisture level from the herbs.

Protein - than any other cattle milk.

Camel racing is popular in Arab states. In Australia camel cup racing is popular and held at Alice Springs.

(1) Dromedary - Single hump - Arabian camel (2) Bactrian - Double humped.

The Feline family - a carnivorous and nocturnal mammal - highly domesticated.

(1) They weigh between 2 to 7.5 kg, for different species;
(2) They have 2 or 3 extra vertebrate bones which enables them enhanced spinal mobility and flexibility than any other mammal including human;
(3) They have free floating clavicle bones, which allows them to pass their body through any space into which they can fit their heads.
(4) They have 32 individual ear muscles which help them to get directional hearing even if their head is on the opposite side;
(5) Their vocal structure is so special it can cause a variety of vocal sounds like Meow, Purr, Hiss, Growl, Squeak, Chirp, Click and Grunt;
(6) They have retractable claws, covered by fur which make them walk silently.

CAT Registry in UK - established in 1887.

Maine Coon -

Egyptian.

The Cat family - Felidae - slender, long legged, semi retractable claws, deep chested and narrow waisted mammal. Weighs around 40-65 kgs, with a body length of 115-135 cms/45-55 inches. Gestation period is up to 100 days and yield 9 cubs at a time. They are carnivores and the fastest land animal.

Yipping: For locating each other and cubs;
Churring / Stutering: During social meetings;
Growling: In annoyance or when in danger;
Yowling: When in absolute danger;
Purring: Pleasant social meetings specially with their cubs.

They follow a practice of tripping the back legs of their preys so that they would fall down, and hold on to the back side of their throat to choke them of breath.

Ape family. There are two species - (1) Common and (2) Bonobo / Pygmy - Native to central Africa and DR Congo. Grow up to five feet and weigh around 70 kgs. Life span is 40-60 years. They are both omnivores and herbivores.

A Cat like looks, small bodied omnivores mammal - 17 to 28 inchesh in length - weight 5 kg. Live in tropical rain forests, woodlands and mountains. Gestation 80 days. Yield 6 cubs. African Palm and common palm are the species.

The most expensive coffee "Kopiluwak Coffee" is prepared from the undigested coffee berries from the excreta of the common palm civet, whose most favorite feed is coffee bean fruits. The berries of this type are collected from the forests of Vietnam and Indonesia.

(1) Owston Palm Civet: Vietnam, Laos, China.
(2) Otter Civet: Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Java.
(3) Hose' Civet: Borneo, Malaysia.
(4) Banded Palm Civet: Myanmar, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Meutawai Islands.
(5) Small Toothed Palm Civet: NE India (Assam), Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Islands of Indonesia.
(6) Sulawesi Civet: Sulawesi Island, Indonesia.
(7) Masked Palm Civet: South and South East Asia.
(8) Paradoxorous: There are three types in this. Asian Palm, Golden Palm, and Jerdon's Palm. Found in Indian Peninsula, specially Kerala and Sri Lanka.
(9) African Civet: Tropical Africa, Botswana, Namibia and South Africa.
(10) Small Indian Civet: South and South East Asia and Indonesian Islands.

Carnivores aquatic reptiles inhabiting tropical regions of Africa, America, Australia. Classified into, salt and fresh water crocodiles. Salt water crocodiles live along coastal areas and sometimes venture into sea. Fresh water crocodiles live in rivers, lakes, water lands and sometimes in brackish water. Feed on fish, reptiles and mammals.

Unlike other reptiles, they have four chambered heart, diaphragm, and cerebral cortex. The streamlined body enables them to swim faster. They tuck their feet to their sides which decreased the water resistance and swim faster. Their webbed feet help them to make fast turns and moves. Extremely powerful jaws than any mammal on earth and its bite is more than 5000 pounds per square inch. The largest of them may reach 6 mtrs in length and may weigh up to 1200 kg.

A salt water crocodile measuring about 7.1 mtr now in Bhitar Kanika wild life sanctuary in Orissa. Recorded in Guinness.

Crocodolin - an anti-bacterial substance found in its blood.

Alligator - 'U' shaped head. Crocodile - 'V' shaped head.

Crocodile embryo do not have sex determining chromosomes. It is determined by temperature while hatching. The female lay around 20-25 eggs in its chosen pits. The incubation period is around 80 days. Males are produced at 31.6 degree C.

Garial.

(A) Slender snouted crocodiles.
(B) Crocodylus - there are 11 species in this. (1) American, (2) Orinoco, (3) Fresh water, (4) Philippine, (5) Morelet, (6) Nile, (7) Mugger, (8) New Guinea, (9) Salt water, (10) Cuban, and (11) Siamese.
(C) Dwarf Crocodile ( Caimans): found in South America.

A Ruminant (Cud chewing) mammal having a large number of species. Live along highly vegetated area and widely distributed. The male ones are called Stags, Harts, Bulls, Bucks while the female ones are called Hinds, Does, and Cows. They are herbivores. Found in the region of North America, specially Canadian rocky mountains and Columbia mountains has the highest population of Deers, with the temperate regions of South of South East Asia, specially India and Nepal coming second with Deer population.

Most ruminants have horns while the deers have Antlers which are only bony growth. It grows only male deer excepting the female Reindeers.

Munjtac. Spread mostly in Asia - like India, China, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Indonesian Islands.

Pud.

Moose.

Reindeer also called Caribou.

Sambar.

A highly domesticated carnivores mammal of the sub specie of the wolf, of the Canidae family. There are very many breeds, cross breeds etc. Their relationship with the human being is from ancient times and is one of inseparable. The male are called dogs while the female are called Bitch. The young ones are called puppies. There are nearly 800 breeds (including cross-breeds).

The process of birth.

Where the parentage is defined.

A cross breed where the parentage is unknown.

Chihuahua originating from the same name province of Mexico.

Wolf Hound - mostly used for hunting.

(1) Livestock Guardian Dogs: Generally used where large livestock like sheep are reared, to keep them together. These dogs are nomally have the character of hunting. Species used are: Border Collies, Belgian Malinois, German Shepherds, Welsh Corgis, Canaan Dogs, etc.
(2) Gun Dog: Used specifically for hunting. Species used are: Pointers, Setlers, Spaniards, etc.
(3) Scent Hounds: They pursue their prey or upon training, any target by tracking their scent. Breeds used are: Beagle, Blood Hound, Bassett Hound, Coon Hound, Dachshund, Fox Hound, Otter Hound and Harrier.
(4) Sight Hounds: Pursue and attack any sighted / targeted prey. Breeds used are: Afghan, Borzoi, Saluki, Sloughi, Pharaoh, Azawakh, Whippet and Grey Hound.
(5) Mastiff: They are large dogs, tall and massive. Traditionally bred of war, protection and guardian work.
(6) Bull Dog: Medium sized dogs bred for combat against both wild and domestic animals.
(7) Terriers: Aggressive as well as submissive. Some of them are selected for their size with dwarf legs to pursue preys in to burrows.
(8) Guard Dogs: Trained to protect property. Breeds used are: Doberman, Pinchers, German Shepherds, and Rott Weillers.
(9) Detection Dogs: Trained to detect substances such as explosives, drugs etc.
(10) Police Dogs: Assists law enforcements, tracking of criminals etc. Mostly German Shepherds are trained.
(11) Rescue Dogs: Trained for search of missing persons specially during earthquakes etc. Breeds trained are: St. Bernard, Blood Hound.

Gestation - 56-72 days; Yield 6 puppies; Life span 10-13 years.

Male - Spaying; Female - Neutering.

(1) Labrador Retriever (2) Yorkshire Terrier (3) German Shepherd (4) Dachshund (5) Boxer (6) Beagles (7) Bull Terrier (8) Poodle (9) Doberman (10) Lhasa (11) Bull Dog (12) Spaniel (13) Doberman Pinscher (14) Dalmatian (15) Great Daue (16) Pomeranian (17) Border Terrier (18) Boston Terrier (19) Maltese (20) White Terrier (21) Basset Hound (22) Cocker Spaniel (23) Golden Retriever (24) Rajapalayam

London, UK - established in 1873.

A cross breed between Poodle and Pekinese.

A cross breed between Labrador and Poodle.

A cross breed between Cocker spaniel and Poodle.

A breed of dog of Blood Hound variety.

The Chow and Chinese Sharpei of China.

Newfoundland - breed of dogs

Tamil Nadu.

Great Dane.

Aquatic mammals found along shallow waters of continental shelves - Oceans with the length ranging from 1.2 mtr to 10 mtr and weigh ranging from 40 kg to 10 tonne. They are carnivores and feed aquatic creatures like fish, squids etc.

They have a streamlined (Fusiform - Meaning wide at the middle and tapered gradually at both ends) body which enables them to swim very fast. The head contains the Melon (an oval shaped oily fatty lump of tissue at the forehead of most dolphins and whales) which is used by them for "echolocation". They have about 250 teeths, and have very good eye sight and sense of hearing. Gestation is 10-12 (17 in some) months. They have the loudest echolocation sounds among sea animals.

2007

(1) Long Beaked Common, (2) Short Beaked Common, (3) Bottle Nose, (4) Right Whale, (5) Tueixi, (6) Hump Backed, (7) Chinese White, (8) Spotted, (9) Clymene, (10) Spinner, (11) Striped, (12) Rough Toothed, (13) Commersons, (14) Heary Sides, (15) Hector's (16) Risso's, (17) Fraser's, (18) White Sided, (19) Dusky, (20) Hour Glass, (21) Peale's (22) White Beaked, (23) Snubfin, (24) Irrawady, (25) River, (26) La Plata.

Hour Glass.

A large land mammal belonging to the Proboscidea family. Herbivores and habitat around lush green forests with adequate water and feed on leaves, bark, roots and fruits and consume on an average 250 kg.

(1) African Bush Elephant: The largest of the elephant species, characterized by large head, large ears and large body and tusks. Weight up to 10,000 kg with average height between 11.5 to 12 feet.
(2) African Forest Elephant: Similar to African Bush, but slightly shorter, lesser in weight and other,
(3) Asian Elephant: Also called Indian elephant - Smallest of the species with much small ears. An endangered specie. Found in India, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia.

The largest recorded African Bush Elephant was 13.8 feet in height, 12,274 kg in weight, recorded in 1955. Now the elephant's body is kept at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington DC, US.

In Hinduism in India specially and other countries where Hinduism is present. Revered as "Lord Ganesha" and most of the large and famous Hindu temples have their own domesticated elephant for religious functions and reasons.

Trunk: The most striking feature. Called Proboscis. Useful for feeding, sucking, drinking, swimming and smelling it's companion, friends, enemies and food.
Tusks: Only male elephants have long tusks. Female elephants do have tusks, but the size is insignificant. Tusks sometimes grow up to 10 feet. The tusks are actually incisors, and is made of calcium phosphorus. It is called as Ivory. Tusks are the main reason for the poaching.
Teeth: Unlike other mammals / animals, their teeth grow in horizontal direction, which acts as a conveyor belt to carry food to the stomach.
Skin: Very thick - sometimes 2.5 cm thick.
Legs: Round, thick and like pillars supporting the huge body. African elephants have four nails in the front legs and three nails in the hind legs while Asian elephants have five and four respectively. Elephants cannot jump or runs fast. Can run up to 25 kmph speed.
Ears: African elephants have large ears while the Asian elephants have smaller ears. Ears are flapped frequently to regulate body temperature.

Female elephants become fit for pregnancy at the age of 13 and can reproduce up to 60 years of age. Give birth to one calf only at an interval of every five years. Elephants have the longest gestation period of 22 months / 660-680 days and the longest among all mammals.

State of dangerous frenzy mood of the elephants which normally occur during mating seasons.

To keep themselves cool during summer.

They are the biggest teeth in the world, sometimes weigh about 400 pounds, and highly valued.

Incissors.

Aquatic cold blooded (Ectothermes) vertebrate animals, covered with scales and fins, swim with good speed, live in fresh and salty water. There are very many species and varieties.

Scales: A small rigid plate that grows out of the fish's skin (animal's) to provide protection.
Fins: A surface used to life and thrush and for steering while traveling in water. Fishes are equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins.
Gill: A respiration organ that functions for the extraction of oxygen from water and the excretion of carbon-di-oxide. It helps them to survive in water.
Labyrinth Organ: A much folded suprabranchial accessory breathing organ. It is formed by the vascularized expansion of the epibronchial bone of the fish gill arch and used for respiration in air.
Gas Bladder: A gas filled sac located in the Dorsal - (the flat horizontal swimming portion) of the fish which contribute to the fish's buoyancy in water and stay at the current water depth, ascend or descend without having to waste energy in swimming.
Reproduction: Fishes in most cases are Oviparous - that lay eggs with little or no other embryonic development, within the body of the mother's body.

Ice Fish.

The Stone Fish - found off the coast of Australia.

A carnivores mammal of the Canidae family short and medium (smaller than other carnivores like wolf, jackal) and conspicuous by brush - bushy tail, with slender long snout (like a dog). Average age is three years.

(1) Barking, (2) Alarm Bark, (3) Gekkering - during encounters, courting seasons etc., (4) Vixen's Veil - Breeding season.

There are twenty seven species and the Red Fox is the most common of them all. Few species of them are:
Arctic Fox: Also called "White" or "Polar" fox. Found in Polar regions.
Crab Eating Fox: Also called Wood fox - S. America.
Falkland Island Fox: Also called Antarctic Wolf - found in Falkland Islands, Europe.
Maned Wolf/ Fox: Also called "Big Fox" - Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, and Andes region.
Horry Fox: Also called Hoarry Zorro - Native only to Brazil.
Bat Eared Fox: Named after it's unusually big ears found only in African Savanna.

52-60 days and yield about 4 / 5 cubs.

Red, Arctic, Bat eared.

Fennec Fox of the Saharas.

Skulk.

A very tall ruminant, herbivores mammal, habitat along savannas, grass lands, or open woodlands. They hardly venture into deep forests and prefer shrubby areas with more Acacia folant. Generally grow up to 18 feet and average weight is 1350 kg. They are related to deer and cattle family.

19.2 feet - 2000 kg.

(1) Somali: Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia.
(2) Angolan / Smoky: Angola, Zambia.
(3) Kordofan: Sudan.
(4) Masai / Kilimanjaro: Kenya / Tanzania.
(5) Nubian: Sudan, Congo.
(6) Rothschild / Baringo / Ugandan: Uganda, Kenya.
(7) South African: S. Africa, Namibia, Mozambique, Botswana, Zimbabwe.
(8) Thorny Craft / Rhodesian: Zambia.
(9) West African / Nigerian: Niger, Cameroon.

Gestation 14-15 months - The peculiarity of the birth (only one) is that the mother gives birth by standing and the embryonic sac falling from 5-6 feet above, falls on the ground and bursts and the young one comes out usually without any injury.

A medium sized ruminant herbivores, one of the most domesticated mammal and belong to Bovidae cattle family. Breeding is mostly for their milk, meat, skin etc. Their gestation period is around 150 days and yield 2/3 young ones. The specialty of goat's reproduction system is that they are able to breed at any time of the year and thus their population multiplies very quickly.

1. Cashmere goat of Kashmir (locally Pashmina). 2. Angora goat for Angora wool of Ankara, Turkey. 3. Australian Cashmere goat - largest producer of wool.

Black Bengal breed of Bangladesh.

An omnivores mammal, largest of the living primate. They are nearly 98% close to human DNA and like human being have finger prints. Grows up to 6 feet and weight between 150-200 kg. Gestation is 8.5 months and yield one young. Life span is 30-50 years.

Western & Eastern. Native to the forests of Africa.

Knuckle walking.

Eastern Gorillas.

They are not pigs. They are neither from Guinea. They are actually rodents belonging to the Cavidae family. Small in size weighing up to 1200 gm and 10 inches in length. They are crepuscular (active during dawn and dusk), and omnivores, but mainly feed on grass, specially The Timothy Hay. Average life is 4-5 years. Gestation 59-72 days - Breeding year around and yields 4-5 young ones at a time. Wheek, Bubbling, Chattering, Squealing / Shreiking, Chirping are it's vocal sounds.

Medical Experiments.

A semi aquatic, herbivores, short and stocky muscular mammal - 5 feet average height and weigh up to 1800-1900 kg, and 11-12 feet in length. Life span - 50-60 years. LARGE and PYGMY are the two species.

Gestation is around 8 months and yields one young at a time. The peculiarity is that the mating and birth of the child is within water and the young one must swim out to take it's first breath.

A medium sized herbivores ungulate (hooved) mammal and also domesticated animal. Associated with human for time memorial used in carting, transportation, farming, agriculture, and also in sporting events. Because of their long association with human being and study of the animal, they have been named by colors, physical color patterns, and by age. Average life 25-30 years and gestation period is 335-340 days yielding one young at a time.

Foal: Less than one year old.
Yearling: One to two years.
Colt: Less than four years.
Filly/Mare: Female four years and above.
Stallion: Non-castrated male 4 years and above.
Gelding: Castrated male of any age.

A method by any form, making the testicles of male and ovaries of female animals, loose their normal functions.

Bay (Reddish): Dark Bay, Blood Bay, Light Bay, Brown.
Chestnut: Liver Chestnut, Sorrel, Blonde, Light Chestnut.
Gray: Dapple Gray, Flea-bitten Gray, Rose Gray,
Other colors: Black, Brindle (rarest), Buckskin, Champagne, Cream dilution, Cremello, Dun, Palomino, Perlino, Pinto, Piebald, Skewbald, Tobiano, Overo, Sabino, Tovero, Paint, Roan, Silver Dapple, White (rarest)

Horses, besides colorations over their body, have white markings on their faces and legs. Based on this they have been named as: Bald faced, Blaze, Star, Stocking, Coronet, etc.

They cannot vomit. So, whenever indigestion occurs, it spells trouble even to the death of the horse.

Walk, Trot, Jog, Canter, Lope, Gallop.

Stallion: Non castrated male. Sire: Male Parent (Father). Dam: Female Parent (Mother)

Horses that are developed by the induction of Arabian horses in the 17th and 18th centuries, specifically for racing horses. Thus, all modern day thoroughbred horses carry the genetics of those imported stallions of Arab countries. Thoroughbreds are generally used in sports events like racing, polo, equestrian, etc.

The height of a horse is normally expressed in terms of "hands" - that is, breadth of an average adult male's hand (palm) which is normally around 4" inches (minus the thumb) 10 hands = 1 meter tall.

Breed registry is an official list of animals within a specified breed while closed stud book is an official registry that will no longer accept any outside blood for improvement of a particular breed of animal.

A section of the hoof.

Strongyles.

A dog look alike medium sized carnivores mammal, native to Africa, Arabia and Indian sub continent, with a bushy and hairy body and tail. They are basically scavengers and feed on the left over hunted preys of other predators. However, when they hunt, they hunt in packs (only striped hyenas).

(1) They have the strongest jaws among all animals; they fear only for tigers and lions;
(2) Front legs are longer than the back legs;
(3) The female "spotted" Hyenas are larger than the male ones. They also have their sexual organs  enlarged and protruding (unlike other mammals) and have an overwhelming control over their male mates in the course of sexual activity;
(4) They have such a powerful digestive system in that they eat out everything including the skin, bone, teeth and horn of the preys.

Aardwolf.

A predator mammal of the Felidae family and belong to one of the four big cats. Their average weight is 90 kg and average length is 10 feet including the tail. Gestation is 90-105 days and yield up to four cubs. Their life span is about 15 years. Found in Mexico, Central America, Paraguay and Argentina.

A small and medium, carnivores mammal with long legs and canine teeth. Gestation is around 65 days and yield around 3-5 young ones. They are mostly found in Africa, Asia and South East Europe. There are three sub species in them are: (1) Golden, (2) Side Striped, and (3) Black Backed.

A marsupial mammal native only to the Australian continent including New Zealand. Herbivores in nature, with a very small front legs and therefore the hopping for locomotion. There are about 63 species in them, with only four species in large sized Kangaroos while the others are small in size. Average life is 6 years. New born measures only 2.5 cms.

Their gestation period is 31-36 days and the young are born at a very very young stage (barely 1" inch in length) and remain in the pouch for a further period of 180-320 days till they are fully developed and be on their own. The peculiarity of the kangaroos are that they remain permanently pregnant and can keep the embryos freeze until the one of the pouch leaves out. The other peculiarity is that the Kangaroos are capable of producing two types of milk in their mamallary glands.

Red Kangaroos: The largest of the kangaroos family. They stand about 6 feet in height and weigh around 90 kgs. In full force, it can leap approximately 30 feet in one leap. Found in Australian mainland.
Antilopine Kangaroo: Male are reddish in color while the female are grey in color. Found in Cape York peninsula, top end of North Australia and Kimberley of Western Australia.
Eastern Kangaroo: Also called Great Grey Kangaroo and forester. Found in South and Eastern Australia, and occupy most fertile lands. Western
Grey Kangaroo: A very common one found across South Australia, Western Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. It is generally believed that the name "Kangaroo" has been derived from the aboriginal (natives of Australia) words for "I do not understand you".

A predator carnivores mammal belonging to the "big cat" (Lion, Tiger and Jaguar - the other three). Felidae family comes in black or in dark colorations. It is mostly found in Sub-saharan Africa, Indochina, Malaysia and Western China. 90 to 190 cms in length, weigh around 90 kgs, average life is 20/21 years. They yield one or two young ones in secret places like caves, crevasse, holes in trees etc.

Leap.

A carnivores mammal belonging to the big cat Felidae family. It is the second largest of big cats - (I - Tiger, III - Jaguar, IV - Leopard). Average life span is 10-12 years; weight 150-225 kgs. Length 170-250 cm; 4 feet height, comes in Buff, Yellow, reddish and dark brown. Gestation is around 110 days and yields four young at a time.

Asiatic: Exist only in Gir forest, Gujarat.
Barbary: Extinct, available in some captive breeding.
West African: Senegal to Nigeria in West Africa.
North East Congo Lion: NE parts of Congo.
East Africa / Massai Lion: East Africa, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique.
Katanga Lion: Zimbabwe, Angola, Katanga in Zaire.
Transvaal Lion: Kruger National Park, S.E.Africa.

Bushy hair surrounding the face and neck - called the Mane.

A crawling animal belonging to the family of reptiles, with four legs, ear openings, movable eyelids, and tails (in some cases detachable as a means of defense mechanism). They are both Oviparous and Viviparous in reproduction. They are omnivores. The length of them varies from a few centimeters to nearly 3 meters.

Chameleon.

Generally not. However, there are recorded venomous lizards - (1) Mexican Beaded Lizard, (2) Gila Monster found in Mexico and SW US

With the help of vacuum pouches on their legs.

Geckos - 4 cms - Deserts of Barmer District, Rajasthan.

Komodo Dragon.

A carnivores small mammal with a bushy fur coat and tail and native to Asia, Africa, Caribbean and Southern Europe. They feed on insects, crabs, earthworms, lizards, snakes, chickens and rodents.

There are about 30 species. Few of them are:
Marsh: Sub Saharan Africa;
Jackson's: Kenya;
Alexander's Kusimanse: CA Republic, Kenya, Uganda, Congo;
Ansores Kusimanse: Angola, Zaire;
Long Nosed Kusimanse: Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone;
Flat Headed Kusimanse: Benin, Cameroon, Nigeria;
Yellow: Angola, Botswana, S.Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe;
Black Slender: Angola, Namibia;
Cape Grey: Sub Saharan Africa;
Namaqua Slender: Namibia;
Desert Dwarf: Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia;
Short Tailed: SE Asia, Malacca, Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines;
Indian Gray/Brown: India;
Egyptian: Spain, Portugal, Israel, Namibia, Western, S.Africa;
Collared: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia;
Indian: India, Hawaii, Jamaica; Ruddy: Peninsular India;
Crab Eating: Vietnam, Malaysia;
Stripe Necked: India;
White Tailed: Africa;
Liberian: Liberia;
Gambian: Gambia, Nigeria, NW Africa;
Banded: Eastern Africa;
Selous: S.Africa;
Meerkat: Kalhari Desert - Botswana, S.Africa.

Capable of killing even venomous snakes including King Cobras because of their agility, cunningness, thick coat and are resistant to venoms.

An omnivores primate mammal belonging to the family of apes, chimpanzees etc. They are both nocturnal and Arboreal. Average life span is 20-30 years. Gestation is up to 150 days and yield only one young at a time. The sizes vary from 5-6 inches to 3-4 feet up to tail, and weigh about 35 kgs on the higher side. There are nearly 250-256 species in them, grouped into seven super families. They are omnivores and feed on plants, fruits, leaves, nuts, insects, etc.

(1) Cheirogalidae: Consists of various dwarf and mouse lemurs. They are mostly native to the islands of Madagascar. They are the smallest of the primate families. They are termed Lemurs and there are a number of species in this family, their names ending with mouse or dwarf.
(2) Lemuridae: There are number of species under them and their name ending with Lemur.
(3) Lepilemuridae: Also called Sportive Lemurs and thus their names end with "Sportive Lemurs". Native only to Madagascar - Arboreal - Nocturnal and strictly Herbivores.
(4) Indriidae: Herbivores and exclusive to Madagascar islands. They are arboreal and have three species in them - Indri, Avahi, Propethicus.
(5) Daubentonidae: Also called Aye-Aye. Native only to Madagascar - Worlds largest nocturnal primate - Endangered species - weigh around 2.5 kgs - black or brown furred with a bushy tail like that of a squirrel - omnivores - Their hands are vary unique with unusually long and thin fingers, with the middle finger much longer than other fingers. Live around deciduous rain forests.
(6) Lorisidae: Called Lorids. Small in size ranging between 17-40 cms and weigh only around 2 kg - omnivores - life span 20 years. Gestation 6 months - yields two young ones - There are five species - (1) Red Slender Loris; (2) Grey Slender Loris; (3) Sunda Loris; (4) Bengal Slow Loris; (5) Pygmy Slow Loris; found in tropical central Africa, south and south east Asia.
(7) Galagidae: Also called Galagos, Bush Babies - Omnivores, nocturnal primates, native only to continental Africa. There are three sub species - (1) Greater Galagos, (2) Needle Clawed Bush Babies, (3) Lesser Galagos.

Madagascar.

A small rodent mammal length between 28 to 130 mm and the weight from 35 to 300 gms. Omnivores and feed on anything. Gestation is 20 days and yield about 7 youngs.There are numerous species in them. The commonly known specie is House mouse. Mice along to this family and are widely used in medical research.

A genetically engineered mouse that has had one or more of it's given genes made inoperable through a gene knock out.

A genetic technique in which an organism is engineered to carry genes that have been made inoperative, for research purposes. It is a route to learning about a gene that has been sequenced but has an unknown or incomplete known function.

An aquatic/amphibian carnivores mammal. Measles, Pole Cats, Badgers are similar animals belonging to this family. Male otters are called Dog while the female are called Bitches. Slim body with short legs and webbed paws. The body has soft furred under and long furred outer. All the species are brought under 7 major groups / families.

Holt.

Romp.

(1) Oriental Small Clawed Otter: Also called Asian small clawed otter. They are the smallest of the otters. Found in the mangrove and wet lands of Bangladesh, South India, China, Taiwan, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Philippines. Measures less than a metre and weighs up to kgs. Comes under "Near Threatened list"
(2) Sea Otter: Larger in size and native to the Pacific Ocean from North Japan and Kanchatka east across the Aleutian islands south to California. They are prone for extensive hunting for their luxurious fur. They are densest of all mammals having nearly hairs per square cm or lakhs plus hairs per square inch. Life span is around years. Weigh up to kgs. Gestation is 3- 6 months and yield one young at a time. Northern River Otter, Lutra, Lutragale and Giant Otter are the other species on them.

Ocean living aquatic animal normally occupying the coral reef areas. They are characterized by eight arms which has sectional cups to take on the preys. They do not have any skeletons and the beak alone is the hardest part of the body. Average life span is only few months and only the giant one live for longer periods.

The reproduction process results in the death of the male & female. The male dies, after few months of mating while the female dies immediately hatching of the eggs.

Caloric value is very high besides vitamins, B3, B12, Potassium, Phosphorus and Selenium.

(1) Finned Deep Sea, (2) Umbrella, (3) Telescope, (4) Gelatinous, (5) Benthic, (6) Glass, (7) Argonauts, (8) Tuberculate Pelagic, (9) Blanket.

They are species of great apes, with long hands and short legs, and with reddish brown hair. Arboreal, omnivores animals grow up to 6 feet and weigh on an average 115 kgs for male and 4.5 feet and 50 kgs for female. Adult male orangutans, besides their sizes are also distinguishable by their prominent cheek flanges and long hair. Intelligent animals.

Orang-Hutan - meaning "Person of the forest" in Malay.

Sumatrans and Borneaus and native only to Sumatra and Borneo.

A herbivores, diurnal mammal belonging to the giraffe family, but short and slightly lower necks than other similar mammals having zebra like stripes at the back and front legs only. 8 feet in body length, 6 to 6.5 feet height and weight around 250 kgs. Habitat in forests in attitudes up to 1000 meters. They have a long tongue - 12 inches and are able to clean their ears and eyes. They are native only to Ituri rain forest in Central Africa - DR Congo.

Also called hogs, Swine. A short, stocky mammal omnivores and scavenge on anything, including decayed items and excretes. They give birth to 12 young ones at a time and thus they multiply very fast. There are about 8 sub species in them. They are reared in clean environment for their meat - pork.

(1) They do not have noses. Instead they have long snouts with which they dig the ground for food, like roots of plants. (2) They do not have sweat glands and that is why they cool themselves in slush and muddy conditions. (3) They have bristles on their skin which are used for making brushes.

A semi-aquatic bizarre looking in that their body in the shape of a rugby ball, duck like beak, Beaver like tailed, otter like feet with webbings, rubbery snout with mouth at the bottom, eyes and ears on the side grooves. 20 inches in length and weigh around 2.5 kg. Normal life span is 11-12 years.

(1) The only mammal which lay eggs (two or three) and hatch them with a month of incubation. (2) The only poisonous mammal - the male ones has a spur on it's hind legs that delivers a poison which may cause severe pain to human beings.

A small herbivores domesticable mammal, with about 50 species (brought under 7 family). 50 cms in length and weigh around 2 kg excepting the smallest specie Pygmy rabbits which are only 20 cms in length and weigh about 0.5 kg, with smooth fur in attractive white, brown, pale brown, black and black spotted colors. Habitat around forests, grassy wetlands and are native to Europe, Africa, Indian Sub continent, Sumatra and Japan. Hare also belong to the family of rabbits.

They are not ruminants. They have a unique digestive system in which the digestion takes place in two processes. That is they pass two types of feces - (1) hard droppings (2) soft black viscous pellets. The soft droppings contain the maximum nutrients required for them and eaten immediately by them. Because their food contains lot of cellulose which does not digest easily and their digestive system does not allow rumination/vomiting where by the cow boring out cud and chew them again.

Their gestation period ranges between 28-31 days and yield about seven young. The young ones are born blind and helpless. The mother feed them only once a day. The lack of mother's feeding is compensated by the fact that the milk produced by the mother is highly nutritious and the richest of all mammals. The uniqueness is that they can conceive (become pregnant) immediately after giving birth to a few young ones.

Rabbit's young ones are born without hair and blind (Altricial) while the Hare's young ones are born with hair and can see immediately after birth (Precocial).

Floppy, Mopsy, Peter.

Medium sized rodent mammal, with similar physical features of a mouse/mice, but slightly longer and fatter. Average life 2/3 years. They are omnivores and feed on anything. There are about 50 species in them with the black one being the most known specie.

Karnimata temple at Deshnoke in Bikaner District, Rajasthan where one can find large number of rats within the temple complex.

Plague.

Female rats can produce every four weeks.

Large sized, but short, stocky semi aquatic mammal native only to Africa and Southern Asia. Average life around 30 to 50 years. Body length is about 12 feet and may weigh between 2000-2500 kg (recorded 3500 kg). Gestation is 15-18 months and yields only one young at a time. There are about 5 species in them. They are furless animals.

White: Actually "Gray" - also called "Square Lipped Rhinos". Southern and Northern are the two species in them, both native only to Africa. These Rhinos have two horns (made of Keratin), with the front one bigger than the other, both located on the snout.
Black: Native to Eastern and Central Africa covering Kenya, Tanzania, Cameron, South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe. There are four sub species like South Central, South Western, Eastern and Western Africa. Slightly shorter and smaller than the white. Has two horns.
Indian: Single horned - native only to Indian and Nepal. An endangered specie living around the grasslands and forests on the Himalayan foot hills. The single horn groups up to 100 cm and contains pure Keratin. Kaziranga National Park in Assam has the highest population of this one horned Rhinos.
Sumatran: Found in the altitude of Sumatra & Borneo. Unlike other Rhinos, the have fur on their body. Have two horns.
Javan: Found in the islands of Indonesia. Critically endangered species. Slightly smaller in size.

Rhino = Nose; K(c)eres = horn.

Animal belonging to the "Penniped" biological sub order which includes Walrus, Sea lions and Seals of different species. They are categorized as "Eared" and "Earless" including all sub species.

A marine mammal mostly native to Arctic Ocean and of the Northern Hemisphere with two sub species called (1) Atlantic and (2) Pacific. Life span is around 50 years. Gestation is 15-16 months and yield one young at a time. They are carnivores.

They are easily recognizable by the tusks measuring up to 1 meter, like an elephant but growing downwards and whiskers. They are bulk, flat and long bellied. Adult male may weigh up to two tons. They habitat primarily in oceanic shelf and spends most of their life in sea - in where they get more feed.

Also called fur seals. Barrel shaped and are semi aquatic marine mammals. There are nine species in them.
Northern Fur Seal: Pacific Ocean, Bering sea and Okhotzk sea.
Antarctic Fur Seal: Antarctic waters.
Guadalupe Fur Seal: Guadalupe Island, Mexico and Northern Hemisphere.
Juan Fernandez Fur Seal: Chilean Coast, named after the famous navigator & Island.
Galapagos Fur Seal: Smallest of the Pinnipeds, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.
Cape Fur Seal: Coastal Namibia and between Tasmania and New Zealand.
New Zealand Fur Seal: Cook straits of North Island of New Zealand.
Sub Antarctic Fur Seal: Between Australia and Antarctica.
South American Fur Seal: Coastal Chile and Argentina.

They are also called the true seals. The peculiarity of this species of seal is that it's hind legs are not usable for walking and have to wriggle with their front flippers and abdominal muscles which gives a clumsy look to them, on the land. This type of movement is called Galumphing, but they are good and fast swimmers. There are about 20 sub species.

Common, Grey, Monk, Harp, Hooded.

A small fully furred and bushy tailed mammal living in Europe, Asia, America and Africa. They are omnivores but mainly feed on fruits, nuts, seeds and a few species also feed on insects, small birds and mammals. They are Diurnal by all species excepting "flying squirrel" which is both diurnal and nocturnal. There are very many species among them. Few names are: African Bush, African Giant, African Ground, African Striped, Albino Squirrel, Amazon Dwarf, American Red, Antelope Squirrel, Asiatic Striped, Bang's Mountain, Berdmore's Ground, Black, Cape Ground, Douglas, Flying Squirrel, Gray, Grizzled Giant, Indian Giant, Mexican Gray, Mountain Ground, Neo Tropical Pigmy, Oriental Giant, Pine, Red Bellied, Red Checked, Smith's Bush, Spiny, Sun, Tree, White tailed etc.

Male - Buck; Female - Doe.

Drey.

A herbivores ruminant quadruped (four legged) mammal mostly domesticated for their meat and wool and belong to the goat family.

Male - Rams, Wethers. Female - Ewes. Group - Flock / Herd.

For Wool: Barbados Black Belly, Damara, Katahdin, Royal white etc. For Milk: East Friesian For Mutton and Wool: Coopworth, Corriedale, Fur sheep, Hampshire, Herdwick, Lincoln, Lithuanian, Black headed, Merino, Poly pay, Rambouillet, Romney, Soay, South Down, South Dorset, Suffolk Tunis. All Purpose: Icelandic Sheep.

China, Australia, Russia, India, Iran, Sudan, New Zealand, UK and South Africa.

Drysdale and Hardwick.

Also called serpents belonging to the Squamata of the animal kingdom. They are limbless, sleek and elongated reptiles. They are true carnivores animals. Snakes lay eggs and hatch them. Few of them lay the eggs only at the time of hatching and a few species deliver young ones directly. There are venomous and non-venomous snakes and there are very many species among them.

Lateral undulation: A sequence of alternating left - right body waves propagating posterior along the animal. The muscle on the right and left side are active and the active region of muscle contraction moves from head to tail.
Side Winding: It is also a lateral undulation - but is accomplished by simply lifting all the segments with the same slope off the ground. In this the snake's body is always in static (unlike in lateral) contact when touching the ground. The head gets thrown forward and the body following, by a lift from its earlier position and moved forward.
Rectilinear Locomotion: Mostly associates with heavy bodied snakes like pythons, Boa etc. In this movement, the snake bends its body only for any turn. This locomotion relies upon two opposing muscles, the costcutaneous inferior and superior which are present on every rib and connect the rib to the skin. The ribs do not move but only the skin moves. First, the costcutaneous superior lifts a section of the snake's belly and places it ahead of it's former position. Then the costcutaneous inferior puts backwards while the belly scales are on the ground, propelling the snake forward. These sections of contact propagate posterior, resulting in continuous motion.

Depending on the type of venom, fangs etc., they have been classified into three major scientific groups: (1) Elapids, (2) Viperids, (3) Colubrids.

A fang is a long pointed tooth. In mammals, a fang is a canine tooth used for Biting and tearing flesh. In snakes, it is a venom injecting tooth.

(1) Cobra: Normally found in Tropical regions of Asia and Africa. There are quite a few species in them. The most common is the "Indian Cobra" - also called spectacled Cobra - found in Indian sub-continent and the "monocled" cobra found in Asia - Bangladesh, Myanmar, Cambodia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, China, Thailand and Vietnam.
(2) King Cobra: The longest Venomous snake. Grows up to 19 feet. Found in India, China, Indonesia, Philippines. It feeds mainly on other snakes. After a good feed, it does not feed for sometime, even months, as its metabolic rates is very low. (Metabolism - digestive chemical reactions). Its venom is neuro toxic and affects the nervous system of the victim.
(3) Kraits: Scientifically called Bungarus. There are twelve major species in them. Found only in India, Sri Lanka, Eastern Pakistan, Indonesia and Borneo. Normally grow up to 1.5 meters and occasionally up to 2.5 meters. They habitat around grasslands and generally feeds on other smaller snakes, lizards and their own species. Their body normally have alternate color patterns. They lay about 12 eggs and remain with them until they are fully hatched. Their venom is neurotoxic.
(4) Mamba: Largest and extremely venomous snake found mostly in Africa. They mostly live on trees (Arboreal). There are 3 species:
Western Green: Long and slim. Native only to west Africa, Liberia and Cote'd Ivorie.
Eastern Green: Smallest of the Mambas. Native to South Africa, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe.
Black: Second largest most venomous snake in the world. Fastest moving snake in the world. It is the most venomous, that a single bite may inject enough venom to kill atleast 20 to 40 grown adults. Fastest and deadliest venom.

Australian Copper Heads. Sea snakes, Coral snakes, Vipers, Rattle Snakes, Colton Mouths, Adders, Bush Masters, Boom Slangs, Vine Snakes etc.

The only snake to build a nest for laying eggs. The female king cobra remains on top of the eggs for nearly 60-80 days for incubation.

(1) Red Cross of Thailand. (2) Central Research Institute, India.

A Largest of the snake family. Non venomous. Normal growth is up to 10 meter. Longest recorded to have grown in 32.95 feet. There are about 26 species in them. Spread across Africa, India, Myanmar, China, South East Asia, Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea and Australia. Reproduction is by laying eggs.

They are capable of swallowing animals the size of a deer of the smaller size like Gazelle. To kill such preys the pythons use the method of "Constriction" - that is they coil themselves over their victim's body and make them die of asphyxiation (breathlessness).

African, Angolan, Asiatic Reticulated, Asiatic Rock, Black Headed, Black Tailed, Ball, Borneo, Burmese, Carpet, Diamond, Green Tree, Indian, Indian Rock, Red Blood, Regal, Royal, South African, Sumatra Blood, Tiger, Woma etc.

A carnivores quadruped mammal, the largest of the "big cats", native only to Asia. Among the various species, the "Bengal Tiger" being the most common one. The Gestation period is up to 16 weeks and yield 3 or 4 cubs in a single birth.

Bengal Tiger: Also called "Royal Bengal Tiger". Native to Eastern Asia - India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China and Bhutan. Male may weigh up to 235 kg. National Emblem of Bangladesh.
Indo Chinese Tiger: Smaller than Bengal Tiger. Found in Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam, Habitat around hilly forests and mountains.
Malayan Tiger: Found in southern part of Malay Peninsula. National emblem of Malaysia.
Sumatran Tiger: Smallest of the tiger species. Found in the Sumatran Islands. Critically endangered.
Amur Tiger: Largest of the species. Native only to Amur region of Siberia.

Liger: A cross breed of male lion and female tiger. Tigon: A cross breed of male tiger and female lion.

It is not a separate specie. It is only a genetic coloration and may belong to any specie. It is a rare occurrence.

Royal Bengal - India, Bangladesh, Nepal. Malayan - Malaysia. Siberian - North and South Korea.

01.04.1973.

A semi aquatic and land dwelling animal belonging to the reptile family. Live in brackish, fresh and also sea waters. Their life span is the longest of the animals, few of them have lived even beyond 150 years. They are herbivores and oviparous. They lay up to 12 eggs and take up to 120 days incubation to hatch them.

They have an outer shell into which they retract when confronted any predators. The shell is unbreakable by any force of the predators.

A Arnold's Giant, Aldabra Giant, Seychelle's Giant, Red Footed, Chilean, Indian Star, Galapagos Giant, Leopard, Burmese Star, Radiated, African Spurred, Angulated Desert, Texas, Bolson Gopher, Parrot Beaked Cape, Boulenger's Cape, Karroo Cape, Speckled Cape, Berger's Cape, Elongated Pancake, Travancore, Hinge Backed, Brown, Impressed, Madagascar Spider, Atlas, Greek, Hermann's Russian, Egyptian, Marginated, and Tunisian Spur Thigh.

India: "Adwaitya" - Alipore Zoo Kolkata, donated by Lord Wellesley in 1875 lived for 131 years up to 23rd March 2006. It belonged to the Aldabra Giant Tortoise specie.
Abroad: "Tuli Malila" presented by British explorer Robert Cook to the Tongan (Africa) Royal family, lived up to May 1965 - for 188 years.

The difference is that tortoise cannot swim or float on water.

Spotted, Sike Shelled, Alligator Snapping, Star, Batagur Baska.

Used by many shrimp trawlers, it helps turtles to escape nets unharmed.

Leather back turtle.

A large aquatic warm blooded mammal. They have a fusiform body (bulk body at the middle tapered at both ends). They do not have any limits and their tail fins help them in propulsion in water. Through the blow holes located on top of the head they breathe air into their lungs even under water. A particular specie, Blue Whale, may reach up to 35 meters in length and may weigh up to 150 tons. Average life span is 100 years. Their gestation period is 12-14 months and yield only one young.

Their whistling sound may be heard up to many miles and are capable of generating up to 20000 acoustic watts of sound at 163 decibels.

Bow Head: Also called Greenland Right Whale. May grow up to 60-65 feet. Found only in Arctic waters. Endangered species.
Atlantic Northern Right: Found along North Atlantic Ocean. North Pacific Right: Found along the North Pacific Ocean.
Southern Right: Found along Southern Ocean close to Antarctica in the Southern Hemisphere.
Fin Whale: Second largest living mammal which grow up to 27 meters / 88 feet long and may weigh up to 70 tons.
Sei Whale: Found everywhere excepting Polar and Tropical Seas. Grows up to 65/66 feet and may weigh up to 50 tons.
Bryde's Whale (Pygmy Bryde): Found along tropical and temperate waters. Weigh up to 25 tons.
Blue Whale: Largest of the mammals that grows up to 110-130 feet and may weigh up to 180 tons. Found along Indian and Pacific ocean, and also in the North Atlantic and the Southern Hemisphere. New born weigh up to 2.5 tons and will be 23 feet in length and drinks up to 570 liters of milk every day. Average life 80 years. Gestation 10-11 months and yields one young.
Minke Whale: A smaller whale growing up to 7.5 meters and weigh around 14 tons. Found along Southern Hemisphere.
Humpback Whale: Found in all seas / oceans. Has the habit of migrating to tropical / sub tropical waters for breeding during winter, traveling up to 25000 kms each year.
Gray Whale: Habitats around N.E. Pacific Ocean. They are called Devil Fish because of the fighting qualities when hunted. Grows up to 16 meters and weighs up to 36 tons. Migrates to other places - Western coasts of Canada, US, Mexico - for breeding.
Pygmy Right: Smallest of the Whales, found in the Southern Ocean / Southern Hemisphere. Grows up to 6.5 meters and weighs up to 3.5 tons.

Cambridge, UK with 77 member countries. Established in 1946 to promote, protect and maintain whale stock.

Calf.

Blubber.

A carnivores mammal - a dog look alike, with striped / patterned body, around 3 feet in height and weigh around 65 kgs. Gestation is up to 65 days and yield up to 6 young ones on an average and sometime more.

Gary Wolf: Spread across North America and Euro-Asia Kazakhstan has the largest population of this specie. There are about 15 sub species in this specie. Red Wolf: North America and Eastern Canad.
Indian Wolf: Smaller in size - Reddish and Buff colored. Found in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, UP, MP, AP, Maharashtra and Karnataka. The Indian Wolf is famous for it's role in Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book.
Himalayan Wolf: Found in J & K, HP in India and Nepal in the Himalayas. "Critically endangered" specie.
Eastern Canadian Wolf: Found only in Canada.

A herbivores ungulate Bovine family animal, lives on higher altitudes of Himalayas region and also Tibet where it is domesticated for food and transportation.

A herbivores mammal (horse like) with black and white stripe pattern on the body and an erect makes on its neck. 8 feet in length, 4-5 feet on height and weighing around 300 kg. There are four species in them:
Plains Zebra: Also called "Common or Burchell's" Zebra. The commonest specie found along South Ethiopia to south Africa. There are three sub species in them - Quagga, Burchell, and Grants.
Grevy's Zebra: Named after James Grevy, a former President of France. Found in the wild's of Kenya and Ethiopia. Largest of the Zebra - 10 feet in length, 5.25 to 5.5 feet in height, weight up to 450 kg, Most captive breeding specie in zoos.
Mountain Zebra: Native to South West Africa and coastal Namibia and Southern Angola. There are two sub species (1) Cape Mountain, (2) Hartmann's Mountain.

Basically the Zebras are dark colored i.e., either brown or black with white stripes and not the vice versa as believed to be so.