VEGETARIAN : All the consumable plants and its derivatives like leaf, fruits, seeds, Grains, etc., are called Vegetarian.
NON - VEGETARIAN : All the consumable items from animals are known as Non Vegetarian food.

Egg and Milk. Though they do not have any non-vegetarian properties, because they are derived from animals, the debate continues.

Root Vegetables, leafy vegetables, stem vegetables, inflorescence vegetables, spices, Herbs.
ROOT : Beet, carrot, Turnip, potato, sweet potato, Raddish, ginger, Turmeric, Onions, Garlic, yams etc., Generally rich in carbohydrates.
LEAF: There are very many of them, notable being spinach, lettuce etc., Most recommended food item having low calorie, low fat, high protein content, high dietary fibre, iron, calcium, vitamin A,C entin and folic acids.
STEM : Plant Stems - very many of them - Native to local areas. High fibre content.
INFLORESCENCE: Flowers, Buds, petals etc like cauliflower, Broccoli etc.,
HERBS: Seed bearing plant which lie sown to the ground after flowering and does contain any woody stems. These are generally used as flavoring agents like Dhaniya, Pudina etc.,
SPICES: They are dried seeds, fruits, roots, barks or other vegetative items, generally used for flavouring and to prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria. Few of them like Turmeric, are used as preservatives, medicines, perfumes etc., spices are classified as:
LEAVES/BRANCHES: of Aromatic plants such as Basil, Parsley etc.,
RIPENED FRUITS/SEEDS: Like fennel, mustard, pepper etc.,
ROOTS/BULBS: Like Garlic, ginger etc.

India- 86%.

Animals like Sheep, Goat, Bull, Pig, Fish are the most common source. However certain other animals are also used as food on a localized basis. The muscle and tissue parts of the animals are the most consumed. In general it is called "Meat" and "Meat Packing" under strict quality control, is a big industry in Europe, USA etc.,

COW, BULL - Beef, Venison; 

CHICKEN- Chicken, poultry & meat of some feathered animals;  

DEER, ELEPHANT, EMU, ELK, FALCON, FERRET, FENNEL - Venison;  

PIG - Pork, Ham, Bacon;  

QUAIL, RABBIT - Lapin, Lapan;  

SEAL, SERPENT, SHARK, SHEEP - Lamb, Multon, Haggett; 

SNAIL - Escarget;  

SQUID, SQUIRREL - Calamari; 

TURKEY - Poultry.

FOOD SCIENCE: A discipline in which the engineering, biological and physical science are used to study the nature of foods, the causes of deterioration. The principles underlying food processing and the improvement of food quality for the consuming public. It encompasses food safety, food microbiology, food preservation, food engineering, sensory analysis, food chemistry, food physics, product development, food technology, food, packaging, molecular Gastronomy etc., with each of them having an important role to play in the food process.

A set of methods and techniques used to transform, raw ingredients into food ready for consumption.

BREWING: A process by which alcoholic beverages and fuel are produced through fermentation.
CHOPPING /SLICING: Cutting into thin or equal sizes.
EMULSIFICATION: Mixing of two or more unbendable substances.
FERMENTATION: The conversion of carbohydrate into alcohols or acids under anaerobic conditions i.e. conversion of sugar to alcohol using yeast under anaerobic conditions.
GASIFICATION: Addition of gas for air entrainment for bread and soft drinks.
KNEADING : A process in the making of bread, to mix the ingredients.
LIQUEFACTION: Production of Juices.
MILLING: A process of converting solids into powder/granules.
MINCING : Food in gradients' are finely divided.
PEELING/SKINNING: Removal of outer layers like in potato, peach etc.,
PROOFING : A process of cooking with the use of yeast.
PASTEURIZATION : Heating liquids for the purpose of destroying harmful organisms and then cooling it.
SPRAY DRYING : A method of drying a liquid food through a hot gas.

A specific set of cooking traditions and practices, often associated with a specific culture, subject to religious influences. Thus the food items vary from region to region, country to country. Few famous items of different regions of India are :
PUNJABI : Tandoori items (Tandoor means a clay oven), Paratha, lassi, Razma.
MUGALAI : North India specially among Muslims - Kebabs, Pulao, Briyani etc.,
RAJASTHAN : Predominantly vegetarian, sweets dominate - Churma, Ghevar Besan Chakki, Balushahi, Jhajariya, Palang, Torh etc.,
KASHMIRI : Methi, Rogan, Josh, Shamikabab.
BHUJPUR : Bihar - Has a lot of influence of Punjanbi dishes, in its courses.
KERALA : Paayasam, Puttu, diyaappam, vella Appam, Kapa (Tapioca) with fish curry Avial Theeyal etc.,
TAMILNADU : Sambhar, Idly Dosa, Pongal, Vada, Appam, Uppuma, Thayir Vada, Poli, Arcot Briyani, along with chettinad non vegetarian cuisines.
ANDHRA : Pappu podi, Avakkaya, Gonkura chatni, Hyderabad Biryani.
KARNATAKA : Bisi Bele Bath, Maddur Vada, Chitraanna, Puliogore, Mysore pak, Dharwad Peda.
BENGAL & ORRISA : Rasagolla, Peda, Luchi, Aaludum, Chanachur, fish, Muri (puffed rice).
GUJARATI : Mostly vegetarian, sweets play a major role.
MAHARASHTRAIN : Vada Pav, Pav Bhaji, Kichadi, Uppam, Bahkri, Poli etc.
JAINS : Completely Vegetarian excluding onions and garlic.

Chinese, Continental, Thai, Mexican, Italian, etc.

Cocoa.(along with cocoa butter and sugar)

The seeds of cocoa tree are used to produce the chocolate. The seeds must be fermented to develop the flavor. After roasting and grinding, the resultant product is chocolate or cocoa.

Olmec civilization.

1350 AD - Aztecs.

They contains "alkaloids" such as "theobromine" and "phenythylamine", which have physiological effects on the body. It has been linked to "Serotonin" level in the brain.

Cote d' Ivoire .

1. CRIOLLO: The most expensive variety produced in central America, Caribbean Island and North of South American states.
2. FORATERO: Produced in the Amazon basin.
3. TRINITARID: Native to Trinidad. The cocoa trees are grown only 20 degree north and south of Equator and the temperature should not fall below 60 degree F.

1689 HANS SLOANE - a physician and Collector of Jamaica developed milk chocolate drink, which was late marketed by Cadbury brothers, which later become a multinational chocolate major.

Dark, Milk and white -with them Vanilla is added for flavor.

CADBURY SCHWEPPES: started by Richard and George Cadbury brothers in 1905. In 1969 it merged with Johann Jacob Schweppe's soda water (carbonates) co., to become Cadbury Schweppes.
NESTLE: Switzerland - started in 1866/67 by Heuri Nestle -New a global company in Chocolates, Milk, Coffee, Baby foods, Animals feeds etc.,

Cream, sweetener and flavor. Nowadays egg yolk are also added.

1. Pot Oven Method;   2. Pot- freezer method;   3. Then Hand -cranked churn method developed by Nancy Johnson of US in September 1843.

Obviously technological advancement. However the most important of them was the development of refrigeration. Specially the development of industrial. Refrigeration and the continuous process freezer method.

1834 - J Harrison and Caitlin, UK.

1870 - CARL VON LINDE - Germany. (Later in 1926 the continuous process freezer method was perfected which revolutionized ice cream production and preservation).

Jacob Russell of Baltimore, Maryland, US. He built the first factory in Pennsylvania in 1851.

SORBET.

Liquid Nitrogen.

A crisp, sweet, very thin, flat and dry cake.

A frozen desert that is dispensed from a machine n cones. This ice creams contains double the amount of air than the normal ice cream thus reducing the production cost.

The soft ice cream was developed by a chemical research team of UK, which included Margaret Thatcher (former PM/UK) as a young student.

Made of wafers in conical shapes to fill soft ice cream first in US in 1904.Frederick Bruckman of Portland, Oregon, US invented the ice cream cone rolling machines. NABISCO is the company which went in to large scale production and popularised it.

AMUL : The name is derived from "AMOOLYA" a Sanskrit term meaning "priceless" Founded n 1946 as a cooperative Society at Anand in Gujarat and called Gujarat cooperative Milk Marketing Federation. Dr. Varghese Kurien was the man behind the establishment of this organization, by his WHITE REVOLUTION movement. A popular brand of ice cream despite local and multinational competitions.
BASKIN ROBBINS: A global ice cream company spread over 40 countries founded by Burt Baskin and Irv Robbins in 1945. It is famous for its "31 Flavor" slogan.
BEN & JERRYS: Founded in 1978 at Vermont and is owned by UNILEVER, UK and spread across 22 countries.
HAAGEN DAZS: 1961-US- founded by Reuben and Rose Mattus at Bronx, New York, US - spread across 53 countries.
MOTHER DAIRY: 1974 - National Dairy Development Board of India.
WALLS: Unilever, UK - Established by Thomas Walls and Sons Ltd. In 1913 and took over by Unilever. Popular in Asian countries. In India it is known as "Kwality Walls".

"Moo" from Kwality Walls.

Coffee and Tea.

A genus of ten species of flowering plants of the family of RUBIACEAE. An evergreen medium height (5mtrs) tree, native to sub-tropical climatic regions like Africa, Southern Asia, and some south American regions. The most commonly grown species of the coffee plant are COFFEA CANEPHORA (ROBUSTA) and COFFEA ARABICA.

Brazil

Coorg, Karnataka

Peaberry and Robusta. Peaberrics are single seeded berries (bruits) which normally occuro in 5 to 10% of the berries, while the Robusta is derived from the COFFEA CANEAPHORA species.

COFFEA ARABICA.

TURKISH COFFEE: Prepared by boiling finely powdered roasted coffee beans, in a pot, possibly with sugar, served in a cup when the drags settle. Common in Turkey, Middle East, North Africa, cancusses and the Balkans.
FILTER COFFEE: Where coffee powder is put on a filterable jar and added with hot water. The filtered decoction is then served in cups with sugar and milk. This method is used in percolators, automatic coffee makers, where the brewing is done by gravity.
FRENCH PRESS: Where ground coffee and hot water are combined in a coffee press, and left to brew for a few minutes. A plunger is then depressed to separate the coffee powder at the bottom of the container. Because the ground coffee are in direct contact with the water, this method leaves all of the coffee oils in the coffee produced, giving it a unique flavor. It is usually stronger and thicker sediment than coffee made by an automatic coffee machine.
ESPRESSO: In this method, very hot pressurized water is passed through ground coffee, resulting in strong flavor and more chemical changes, such as a higher coffin content. It also results in more bean particles in the liquid than in coffee made by an automatic coffee machine, and therefore has a thicker consistency. It has a reddish brown foam that floats on the surface which is called CREME. This process of coffee is more seen in cinema theatres, Railway stations, Airports etc.,

The seeds, also called the bean, from the berries (fruits) are picked, dried and roasted to a temperature of 200 degree C 392 degree F. During this heating process, the sugar content is caramelized (oxidation of the sugar) and color changes to dark brown and the flavor develops. The heating process is regulated to get the desired flavor. The roasted beans are powdered and brewed to get the beverage.

CAFFEINE and CAFESTOL.

1) Instant, coffee 2) Canned coffee, 3) Iced coffee, 4) Caffe lette, 5) Cappucino (espresso coffee with milk froth), 6) Coffee Americano.

1) KRAFT, 2) PROCTER & GAMBLE, 3) NESTLE, and 4) SARAH LEE.

KOPI LUWAK: Also called Civet coffee. It is a kind of coffee made from the berries, which have been eaten by and passed through the digestive tract of the Asian Palm Civet ( animal). These animals gorge on the ripe berries and excrete the partially digested beans, which are then collected/harvested for sale. This process takes place on the inlands of SUMATRA, JAVA and SULAVESI of Indonesia. Similar coffee is produced in Philippines too, where it is called "KAPE ALAMID" and in Vietnam where it is called WEASEL COFFEE as it comes from the droppings of weasels (civet). Similarly in the Malaysian and Indonesian Archipelago, the beans are collected from the droppings of MUNJTAC, a barking deer. It is called Kopi MUNJTAC. These type of coffee are the most expensive in the world, selling up to 600 Dollars per pound. It is mainly popular in Japan and US.

Zurich, Switzerland.

Clementine VIII

CAMELLA SINENSIS: It is an evergreen plant grown in tropical and subtropical climate and in place with a minimum of 50 inches rainfall and it also prefers acidic soil. High quality tea is grown in higher altitudes of 1500mtrs (5000ft) where the plant grow more slowly and gain more flavor.A beverage most widely used and served hot.

1) Small leaves China Plant - Camellia Sinensis, Sinensis, 2) Large leaved Assam Plant - Camellia Sinensis, Sinensis.

Tea is derived from the plants leaves buds and twigs after due process of oxidation, heating, drying and the addition of herbs, flowers, spices and fruits. Leaves at the top of the mature plant within 1 to 2 inches are plucked between 7 to 10 days for processing.

WHITE TEA: Made form young leaves new growth buds which have not undergone the oxidation. Have to be protected from Sunlight to prevent chlorophyll formation. Famous in china and an expensive one.
GREEN TEA: This tea to be processed within one or two days of harvesting.
OOLONG TEA: They are semi oxidized Tea. A type between Green and Black Tea.
BLACK / RED TEA: Tea leaves that have undergone complete oxidation. Found in south Asia, Kenya Burundi, Rwanda, Malawi and Zimbabwe. There are different grades like orthodox tea., (crush, tear, and curf) post fermented, yellow, kukicha (Japan) etc. These types of gradation is done on the basis of process and such grading is called "ORANGE PEKOE" process.)

Tea is the natural source of THEANINE, Methylxanes like caffeine and Theobromine and poluphenolic antioxidant catechines.

China.

ASSAM: Maniram Dewan is considered as the first Tea planter in Assam.He was hanged to death by the British during the 1857 Sepoy Mutinty. Produces half of India Tea production. A major industry and source of employment in Assam.
DARJEELING: Tea plantation to Darjeeling was introduced by Dr. Campbell, a civil surgeon of the British, now a major industry here. The speciality of the Tea produced here is that it cannot be grown cultivated or produced any where else due to various botanical reasons.
NILGIRIS TEA: Grown around coonoor and kotagiri of Tamil Nadu.
KERALA TEA: Idukki Dt. of Kerala has vast area of the Tea plantations around Munnar.

Tea Board of India - 1953 - HQ: Kolkatta.

SILVER TIPS - produced by Makaibari Tea Estate, Darjeeling. May cost around Rs.18-20000 per kg.

Canada.

Dr.Campbell - a British Surgeon - who planted some tea plants in his garden in Darjeeling which later became one of world's famous industry.

India.

Dissolving of Carbon-di-oxide in water or an aqueous solution.

JOHN STITH PEMBERTON - a pharmacist in 1886. (Caleb D. Bradham?)

ASA GRIGGS CANDLER in 1892 HQ at Atlanta, Georgia, US, called Pepsico.

FRANK MASON ROBINSON - a partner of Pemberton, because it contained Cocoa .

ETHENOL.

Fermentation - metabolism of carbohydrates by certain species of yeast (a growth form of EVKARYOTIC MICRO ORGANISMS), coming under the FUNGI Kingdom.

The process of culturing yeast under alcohol producing conditions in called Brewing.

Fruits, Vegetables Grains Barley etc.,

Beer - made from starch based materials such as Barley, wheat, corn etc., apart from wine, which is still older.

General term for "Distilled wine" Grape or Grape Pomace (Solid remains of grapes after extraction of juices) is the major ingredient.

GRAPE BRANDY: , COGNAC : From Cognac region of France. ARMAGNAC : From Armagnac region of France. LOURINHA : From Portugal. POMACE BRANDY: Made from solid remains of grapes after extraction of Juices.FRUIT BRANDY: Made from fruits like Apple, Plum, Peach, Cherry, Raspberry, Black Berry, Apricot [except grapes].

Brandy is generally stored in wooden casks. Based on the years of storage, they are classified as:
A.C : 2 years old.
V.S: Very special or three star - atleast three years in storage.
VSOP: "Very special old pale" - 5 star - atleast 5 years old in storage.
XO: Extra old - atleast 6 years old.
VINTAGE: Beyond 6 years and until it is bottled.
HORS D' AGE: Too old for determining the age. Atleast 10 years and above.

Franciscus Sylvious - Physician from Netherlands, in the 17th century.

Sugar cane by products such as molasses and sugar cane juice by fermentation and distillation.

Caribbean islands - West Indies.

Russia. As early as 1894, Russia has standardized the production of vodka as per the research undertaken by the chemist DMITRI MENDELEEV.

Recorded evidence are there to the distillation of whisky as far back as 1405 in Ireland and 1496 in Scotland.

Barley, Malted Barley, Rye, Malted Rye, Wheat, Maize and Corn.

A spirit that is distilled twice or thrice. Any whisky that is labeled as "Scotch Whisky" has to be processed at Scotland only as per international laws, and matured for a minimum period of three years in Oak Casks.

Molasses - a sugarcane by product and hence considered as RUM, outside India.

Grapes. The grapes contain such natural chemical that they ferment without addition of sugars, than any other fruits used wine making is 8000 years old and believed to have originated from Iran and Georgia.

Wine made from grapes that were all, or primarily, grown in a single specified year and are accordingly dated as such.

France - Followed by Italy and Spain.

ON THE ROCKS: Sprits (how the alcohols are called) are to be served and drunk over ice only.
STRAIGHT UP: The spirit is to be shaken and stirred up with ice and drunk by itself, with the ice filtered out.
NEAT: The spirit is served and consumed by itself without any addition.
COCKTAILS: A style of mixed drink, usually, one or two or more liquors, Juices, honey, milk, cream etc., They have different names based on combinations.

SAZERAC - 1850s.

There are very many of them. Few Interesting names are given below for academic interest without combinations. Brandy Alexander, four score, Horse neck, French connections, panama, Paradise, side car, Singapore Shing, stinger, Tom and Jerry, Gin fizz, Chocolate solider, Hanky Panky, Long island Iced tea, Marini, My fair lady, pink Lady, Salty Dog, Sloe comfortable screw, white lady, Brass Monkey, Hairy Virgin, Flaming Dr. Pepper, Pain Killer, Bloody Mary, God Mother, God father, Madras Screw driver, ex on the beach, Churchill, Mango Nightmare, Rusty nail, seven and seven, Three wisen man, Iriss Flag, Moon walk, Prince of Wales, Hairy Buffalo, Hairy Navel, Screaming Organ etc.,

(1) Pilsner  (2) Pint  (3) Beer Stein  (4) Wheat Bear  (5) Yard  (6) Collins  (7) Martini  (8) High Ball  (9) Old Fashioned  (10) Sake Cup  (11) Shot          (12) Wine  (13) Brandy Snifer  (14) Champagne Flute  (15) Champagne coupe. etc., etc., There are many more names.

A measure of how much " ethanol" is in an alcoholic Beverage, and is approximately twice the percentage of alcohol by volume.

Mexico

Portugal.

Genetically Modified.

Food preservation invented by CLARENCE BIRASAYE.

Soaking meat in a flavoured liquid prior to cooking.

DAME NELLIE MELBA a famous singer.

China.

The Willie Wonka candy company brown.

Baked Twice. (derived from Latin words "bis" and "Coqure or Coctus")

Fugu Fish.

SMILAX Plant.

Little Worms.

Pasteurization.

Ray Croc of Chicago, US. First appeared in California.

Fermentation.

Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate.

Yoghurt.

Red Kidney Beans.

Inmates of Tihar Jail.

Swiftlet.

BEBINCA

Tamarind.

Burnt wine.

Pepper - king, Cardamom - Queen.

SAFFRON -comes from CROCUS plant famous in Kashmir and Afghanistan.

SALMONELLA.

DAGWOOD: Named after Day wood Burnstead a character in Blondie comics.
BIG MAC: Invented by JIMDELIGHATTI a franchisee of MacDonalds.
POCKET: A single piece of folded or hollowed sandwich.
BLT: Beam Lettuce and Tomatoes sandwich. 
ELVIS: Named after ELVIS PRISTLEY the rock star.
SLOPPY: It is named so because sometimes when it is eaten like a normal sandwich results in the meat and sauce spilling out.
FLUFFERNUTTER: A sandwich made with peanut butter and marshmellow crème.

A Chinese Dish. According to legend it is named as it was cooked in a mud pot to feed a beggar who had no facility and the chicken was covered in mud and cooked.

WHEY.

Cheese

Avocado - with 740 calories.

Ethylene Butyrate.

Formation of fruit without fertilization.

Flowers of fruit bearing trees.

Bihar. --specifically Muzzafarpur District.

Andhra Pradesh.

The process of converting vegetable oil into bio-diesel fuel.

MANGO -King; GRAPES - Queen

SPINACH.

Mc Donalds.

When it is covered with bread crumbs.

Benedicts Solution.

Saffron.

To cook with onions.

Lycopersicon Esculentum.

1996

Arabian Wine.

Camel Milk.

Momo Fuko Ando of Japan - 1958.

Honey.

Frank Carney - 1958 -USA.

Bushels.

Russian princess Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrona (she married Duke of Edinburgh, second son of Queen Victoria I).

Rajasthan Cooperative Dairy Federation.

Brazil.

A City of The Netherlands.

Cashew.

Vinegar.

Tom Monaghan USA.

Baking Soda.

When spun on a plain surface, if it spins freely and uniformly, then it is a boiled one.

It is the buying and eating of the food that has been produced or manufactured within a 100 miles radius. It is evolved out of the necessity to reduce carbon emission due to transportation.

From the Rhizomes(horizontal stem of a plant) of the Arrowroot plant.

Krackjack by Parle G of India in 1972.

Parle - G.

Bourbon

Banana.

Semolina.

Green.

Rajma - in Indian Cooking - a Pulse /Bean.

Because of moisture stored in a small circle of starch in each kernel. When the kernel is heated, the water turns into steam which builds up pressure until the kernel explodes.

GOULASH.

It is so enticing that even a vegetarian monk or even Buddha himself can resist himself and would sneak out of the monastery to steal a taste.

Blood.

Swiftlet.

Areez Khambhatta., Ahmedabad.

Skin allowed in fermentation, place of production and type of grapes used are the factors.

Chile.

Carbon-di-oxide.

Valleys in Copiapo, Huasco, Elqui, Limari, Maipo, curico and Casablanca.

Blanc De Blanc is made from white grapes while Blanc De Noirs is made from Red grapes.

Loss of wine by evaporation.

Aroma - smell of younger wines, Bouquet - smell of older wines.

It is traditionally drunk on a COPITE a type of glass which is Tulip shaped.

"Aghani Bora". Can be cooked by soaking it in water for 45mts at room Temperature.

Butter.

They do not use spices.

Assam Tea Company

France.

China.

Daniel Peter - Switzerland - 1875.

Crunchie.

Greece.

Gassy Bacteria.

France.

The practice of abstaining from Milk and Cheese.

Gin.

George Crumm of New York

Ewe's Milk (A female sheep).

CLED BRADHAM - 1998 -comes in four flavours of Max, Blue, Samba and Diet.

Burn.

Tihar Jail inmates.

Wine.

A person who specialises in the science of grape wines.

A Wine merchant and producer

A wine merchant who assembles the produce of small growers and wine makers and sells them on his own name.

"Tama" an Arabic term for dates. It is named so because the tamarinds pulp resembled the preserved dates.

Coal Tar.