1. Tigris and Euphrates - Mesopotamian Civilization.
2. Nile Valley, Egypt - Egyptian Civilization.
3. Indus Valley - Indus Valley civilization.
4. Hwang Ho valley, China - Chinese civilization.
Extended upto 700 BC and the developments were;
1. Smaller settlements expanded to become stronger kingdoms. Kings becoming more powerful.
2. Caste system became more predominant and the society came under the four basic castes, based on their occupation which later to become a hereditary practice:
1. BRAHMINS - the priestly class;
2. KSHATRIYAS - the military class;
3. VAISHYAS - the business class
4. SUDRAS - the labour class.
3. Permanent military established and maintained for protection.
4. Trading industry began.
5. Kshatriyas becoming Kings on a hereditary basis and a royal court with advisors to the kings gaining regularity. Thus came the dynasty rule.
6. Hinduism dominating the religion thus more literature on Shastras, Upavedas, Vedangas came to be written during this period.
7. Bigger cities like Ayodhya, Mathura and Indraprastha came into existence.
8. Kings were called Samrat, Rajah, Bhoja etc.,
BRAHMANAS : Throw light on the socio-political life of the Aryans and form a sort of explanation of their religion especially sacrifice. It also contain ritualistic formulae for the respective Veda and Priests.
ARANYAKAS: Treaties on mysticism and philosophy and are the concluding portion of the Brahmanas. It explains the metaphysics and symbolism of sacrifice.
UPANISHADS: The main source of Indian Philosophy. There are about 300 of them, of which 10 have attracted world wide attention as they deal with philosophy and theology of the Aryans. These are commentaries which are appended to the Aranyakas and deal with philosophy and religion.
PURANAS: 18 numbers. Of them Bhagawat and Vishnu Puranas are the most important ones. They give religious and historical details of the Aryan civilization and contain legends, rituals, traditions and moral codes.
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