LEAGUE OF NATIONS --(1920-1946) After the end of WWI, US President Woodrow Wilson initiated the formation of this organization in January 1919 and it functioned till the formation of UN in October 1945 (after WWII).

24th October 1945 observed as UN day every year.

Franklin D. Roosevelt, former US President.

Winston Churchill of UK & Joseph Stalin of Russia

1951

(1) During WWII, in the summer of 1941 Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met and the idea of formation of UN evolved.,
(2) October 1943: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill & Joseph Stalin met again at Tehran, Iran and agreed in principle to form the UN. The name United Nations was adopted at the suggestion of Franklin D. Roosevelt.,
(3) October 1944: The Charter or Constitution of the UNO was formed at the DUMBARTON OAKS (Washington DC) conference.

Field Marshal Jan Christian Smuts - South African born British Statesman. He was also the fourth PM of South Africa. He also holds the unique record of signing both the peace treaties after the World War I & II. 

26th June 1945 - 50 countries signed the Charter at San Francisco, USA.

24th October 1945. The day October 24th is observed as "UN DAY" throughout the world.

10th January 1946 at London.  The first Security Council meeting was held on 24.1.2016. 

First Avenue, UN Plaza, New York city, USA spread over 17 acres of land on Manhattan Island, a suburb of New York city.

John D. Rockefeller.

39 storey's housing about 8000 employees.

A Global map projected from the North Pole and embraced in two Olive branches, a symbol of peace.

The UN flag is "White" superimposed on a light blue background. Adopted on 20.10.1947. The UN flag is not to be subordinated to any other flag in the world.

(1) To maintain peace and security in the world., (2) To work together to remove poverty, disease and illiteracy and encourage respect for each others right of basic freedom., (3) To develop friendly relations among nations., (4) To be a centre to help nations achieve these common ends.

(1) General Assembly, (2) Security Council, (3) Economic and Social Council, (4) International Court of Justice, (5) Trusteeship Council, (6) Secretariate.

(1) HQ - New York.
(2) Consist of all member nations. Each member nation can send five delegates but each nation has only one vote. All other bodies of UN report to this body.
(3) It meets every year in a regular sessions beginning on the 3rd Tuesday of September.
(4) Discusses and make recommendations on any subject mentioned in the UN Charter expect those to be dealt by Security Council.
(5) Controls the UN Budget and elects new members on the recommendation of the Security Council.
(6) For all important decisions, a two third majority of all those present and voting are essential.
(7) Also elects non permanent members of the Economic and Social Council (ESC) as well as certain members of the Trusteeship Council.
(8) The General Assembly has seven main committees, viz. Economic, Political, Social, Trusteeship, Legal, Administration & a Special Political committee. All members have the right to be represented in each of these committees.

(1) HQ - New York,
(2) The council has fifteen members of which five are permanent and ten are non permanent members. ,
(3) China, France, Russia, UK & USA are the five permanent members (China only Asian country) ,
(4) The ten non permanent members are elected from: 5 from Afro-Asian countries; 2 from Latin American countries; 2 from West European countries; 1 from East European countries; The non permanent members retire on rotation every two years. The retiring members are not eligible for immediate reelection. ,
(5) The council is responsible for international peace and security; ,
(6) Can recommend peaceful solutions or if necessary order for use of force to restore peace. ,
(7) Responsible for admission of new members or suspend or expel old members. ,
(8) It elects judges for the International Court of Justice, together with General Assembly. ,
(9) The five permanent members have "VETO" powers. As a result, if any permanent members reject a proposal, it is deemed to have been rejected by the council, even though the other fourteen have voted in favor. For speedy and effective solutions to problems a convention has been agreed upon according to which any pending resolution due to a veto, can be passed by the council by a two third majority of its members.

7 times so far, 1951-52, 1967-68, 1972-73, 1977-79, 1984-85,  1991-92,  2011-2012.

HQ: New York,
(1) Consists of representatives of 54 member countries elected by a two third majority of General Assembly. ,
(2) One third of this council is elected every year to serve for a period of three years. One third of the members (18) retires annually but is eligible for immediate reelection. ,
(3) The council carries on the function of the UNO related to International economic, social, cultural, educational, health and related matters. , (It has the following Commissions under it:
(A) ECE - Economic Commission of Europe - Geneva,
(B) ESCAP - Economic & Social Commission of Asia - Bangkok,
(C) ECLA - Economic Commission for Latin America - Santiago Chile,
(D)ECA - Economic Commission for Africa - Addin Ababa,
(E) ECNA - Economic Commission for West Asia - Baghdad

HQ: Hague (Netherlands). May be held elsewhere also.
(1) It consists of fifteen Judges, who are elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council. No two judges can be of the same Nationality. ,
(2) These judges are elected for a term of nine years and are eligible for reelection after their term expires. ,
(3) Considers legal disputes bought before them by the nations, and gives advice or opinion on legal matters of all the agencies of UNO. ,
(4) There will be a President and Vice President holding a term for 3 years.

1. Benegal Rama Rao -- 1952-1953
2. Nagendra Singh -- 1973-1988
3. R.S.Pathak April 1989-1991
4. Dalveer Bhandari - 2012.

HQ: New York,
(1) The council consists of the five Security Council permanent members, plus those nations who administer trust territories and the needed additional members to maintain an equal balance between administering and non administering nations. ,
(2) Meets once in two years and takes decision on simple majority. ,
(3) The UN's charter/constitution provide for an international Trusteeship system to safeguard the interests of inhabitants of territories that are not yet self governing and which may be placed there under by individual agreements. Such territories are called "Trust Territories" and the country administering it is called the "Administering Country". ,
(4) There are about 411 such territories, which were administered by USA of which ten of them have become countries or joined other countries.

(1) Secretary General appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendations of the Security Council. ,
(2) The terms of the Secretary General are five years and eligible for reelection. ,
(3) It consists of International civil servants. ,
(4) It is the Chief Administrative office of the UNO and supervises and coordinates the activities of the UNO.

(1)  Trygvie Le -- Norway -- Europe --  24.2.1946 -  10.11.1952 
(2)  Dag Hammarskjold -- Sweden --  Europe - 10.4.1953 - 18.9.1961
(3)  U Thant -- Myanmar --  Asia -- 30.11.1961 - 31.12. 1971
(4)  Dr. Kurt Waldheim -- Australia -- 1.1.1972 - 31.12.1981
(5)  Javier Pérez De Cellar -- Perú --  S.America  1.1.1982 - 31.12.1991
(6)  Dr. Boutros Boutros Ghali -- Egypt --  Africa - 1.1.1992 - 31.12.1997
(7)  Kofi Annan --  Ghana -- Africa -- 1.1.1997 - 31.12.2006
(8)  Ban Ki Moon -- S.Korea -- Asia --  1.1.2007 - 31.12.2016
(9)  Antonnio Gutteres --  Portugal  (from 1.1.2017)

He is the only one to be selected from the ranks of the UN staff.

(1) Chinese (2) English (3) French (4) Russia (5) Spanish (6) Arabic. Adopted by the General Assembly in 1973 and by the Security Council in 1982.

1) ILO: International Labour Organisation: Est. in 1919, HQ - GenevTo promote social justice, improve conditions and living standard of workers and promote economic stability.,
(2) IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency: Est. 1957 - ViennTo promote peaceful uses of Atomic Energy. It was formerly known as "Atomic Energy Commission", which was started in 1946 after WW II. ,
(3) FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization: Est. 1945, HQ - Rome. To raise nutritional levels, living standards, production and distribution of food and agricultural production and improving living conditions of rural people. ,
(4) UNESCO: United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural organization: Est. 1946 HQ - Paris. To promote collaboration among nations through education, science and culture in order to further justice, Human Right and Freedom. ,
(5) WHO: World Health Organization: Est. 1948 - HQ - GenevAttainment of highest possible level of health by all people. ,
(6) IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction: Est. 145 - HQ- Washington. Development of Economy of members by facilitating investment of capital and foreign investment through provision of loans. ,
(7) WMO: World Meteorological Organization: Est. 1950 - HQ - GenevTo promote international exchange of weather repot and other weather related services. ,
(8) IMCO: Inter-Government Maritime Consultative Organization: Est. 1958 HQ- London. To promote cooperation on technical matters of maritime safety, navigation and encourage anti pollution measures. ,
(9) UNICEF: United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund: Est. 1946 HQ - New York - children's welfare all over the world. ,
(10) GATT: General Agreement on Tariff's and Trade: Est. 1948 HQ - GenevTreaty setting rules for world trade to reduce tariffs and other barriers to international trade. From 1994 it has become WTO - World Trade Organization came into effect from 1.1.1995. ,
(11) UNDP: United Nations Development Programme: HQ - New York. Help developing countries increase the wealth producing capabilities of their natural and human resources. ,
(12) UNEP: United Nations Environment Program: Est. 1972 HQ - Nairobi. Promotes international cooperation in matters relating to human environment. ,
(13) UNHCR: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Est. 1950 HQ GenevProvides International protection for refugees. ,
(14) UNIDO: United Nations Industrial Development Organization Est. 1967 HQ ViennExtends assistance for developing countries for development and modernization of industries. ,
(15) IDA: International Association for Development: Est. 1960 HQ Washington. An affiliate of the World Bank; aims to help underdeveloped countries raising living standards. ,
(16) IFC: International Finance Corporation: Est. 1955 HQ Washington. Promotes economic development by encouraging private enterprise in its member countries.               
(17) IMF: International Monetary Fund: Est. 1955 HQ Washington. Promote international monetary cooperation and expansion of international trade. ,
(18)ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organisation: Est. 1947 HQ Montreal. Promotes safety of international aviation and establishes international standard and regulations. ,
(19) UPU: UNIVERSAL Postal Union: Est. 1.7.1875 HQ - Berne, Switzerland. Established after the postal congress held at Berne in Oct 1874 for international cooperation on postal services. ,
(20) ITU: International Telecommunication Union: Est. 1947 HQ GenevSets international regulations for radio, telegraph, and telephone and space radio communication. ,
(21) IFAD: International Fund for Agricultural Development: Est. 1977 HQ Rome. Finance Agricultural projects to introduce expand and improve food production and raise nutrition levels. ,
(22) UNCTAD: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: Est. 1964 HQ GenevPromotes International Trade with a view to accelerate economic growth of developing countries. ,
(23) UNITAR: United Nations Institute for Training and Research: Est. 1965 HQ New York. Provide high priority training and research projects to help facilitate the UN objectives of the world peace and security and of economic and social progress. ,
(24) UNRWA: United Nations Relief and Work For Palestine Refugees in the North East: Est. 1949 HQ New York. Provides food, health services, education, vocational training for those displaced in the Arab Israel war. ,
(25) UNFPA: United Nations Fund for Population Activities: Est. 1967 HQ New York. Studying population dynamics, collecting population data, formulating and evolving population policies, family planning and related programme. ,
(26) World Intellectual Property Organization: Est. 1967 . Became part of UN in Dec 1974 HQ Genev,
(27) International Maritime Organisation: Est 1948 HQ London

Vijayalakshmi Pandit.

Cyber School Bus.

The first level points for setting up UN was formulated here in 1944.

USA.

(1) Food and Agriculture Organization-55, Max Mueller Marg, New Delhi - 110003
(2) International Finance Corporation-1, Pnachsheel Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi - 110021
(3) International Labour Organization-Indian Habitat centre, Lodi Road, New Delhi - 110003
(4) International Monetary Fund-Taj Palace Hotel, Sardar Patel Marg, New Delhi - 110021
(5) International Drug Control Programme-Chandragupta Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi - 110021
(6) UN's Development Programme-Lodi Estate, New Delhi - 110003
(7) UN's Educational and Scientific & Cultural Organization-UNESCO House, Poorvi Marg, Vasant Vihar, New Delhi - 110057
(8) UN's Population Fund-55, Lodi Estate, New Delhi - 110003
(9) UN's High Commission for Refugees-14, Jor Bagh, New Delhi - 110003
(10) UN's Information Centre-55, Lodi Estate, New Delhi - 110003
(11) UN's Childrens Fund-UNICEF House, 73, Lodi Estate, New Delhi - 110003
(12) UN's Industrial Development Organization-55, Lodi Estate, New Delhi - 110003
(13) UN's Development Fund for Women-223. Jor Bagh, New Delhi - 110003
(14) World Bank-70, Lodi Estate, New Delhi - 110003
(15) World Food Programme-53, Jor Bagh, New Delhi - 110003.

Originally called The British Commonwealth of Nations. It is an association of sovereign and independent states that formerly made up The British Empire, are now its members.

The idea of Commonwealth of Nations comprising Great Britain, The Dominions and other territories of the British Empire was first accepted at The Imperial Conference of 1926. In 1931, the state Westminster recognized the status of the dominions and defined relations between the British Crown and The dominions. In 1947, the office of the dominions was abolished and the secretary of the Commonwealth assumed charges.

Commonwealth has no written constitution. The members are bound together by common ideals of interest. Queen Elizabeth is the symbolic head of Commonwealth.

54 countries., 1) Australia 2) Antigua & Barbuda 3) Bahamas 4) Bangladesh 5) Barbados 6) Belize 7) Botswana 8) Brunei 9) Cameron 10) Canada 11) Cyprus , 12) Dominica 13) Fiji Islands 14) The Gambia 15) Ghana 16) Grenada , 17) Guyana 18) India 19) Jamaica 20) Kenya 21) Kiribati 22) Lesotho , 23) Malawi 24) Malaysia 25) Maladives 26) Malta 27) Mauritius , 28) Mozambique 29) Namibia 30) Nauru 31) New Zealand 32) Nigeria , 33) Pakistan 34) Papua New Guinea 35) Samoa 36) South Africa 37) St Kitts and Nevis 38) St.Vincent & The Grenadines 39) St.Lucia 40) Seychelles , 41) Sierra Leone 42) Singapore 43) Solomon Islands 44) Sri Lanka 45) Swaziland , 46) Tanzania 47) Tonga 48) Trinidad and Tobago 49) Tuvalu 50) Uganda , 51) United Kingdom 52) Vanuatu 53) Zambia 54) Zimbabwe,

It is located at the Mel borough House, Pall Mall, London. Headed by Secretary General, it is an international body at the service of all the member countries.

CHOGM: Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting. In India, it was held at New Delhi in November 1983, presided over by former PM Smt. Indira Gandhi. The meeting is held once in two years. Besides this, annual meeting of CHOGM Financial Ministers and regular meetings of other ministers are also held. Headquarters at London.
It was last held in Mauritius in 2011. It is proposed to be held at Sri Lanka in 2013 and Mauritius in 2015.

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru -- along with Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia, Sukarno of Indonesia and G.A,Nasser of Egypt.

After the WW II, USA and USSR were regarded as Superpowers while many Asian and African countries started gaining independence, these two superpowers were trying to win over these nations leading to a cold war between these two. At this point the Asian Relations Conference was held in 1953 where Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru proposed the idea for a movement for mutual cooperation and to avoid dependence on these two powers. Following this Bandung Conference was held between the like minded countries in1955, in Indonesia, which gave birth to NAM. In 1956, in the BRIONI Conference in the July 1956 in Yugoslavia, the principle adopted at the BANDUNG Conference was given a practical shape by the three leaders, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Marshal Tito and Col. Nasser.

i) Mutual respect for each others territories, integrity and sovereignty. ii) Mutual non-aggression. iii) Mutual non interference in each others affairs. iv) Equality and mutual benefit. v) Peaceful co existence. These principles which form the backbone for the functioning of NAM are called Panchsheel.

Belgrade Yugoslavia - September 1961 in which 25 countries participated and NAM came into existence. Normally held once in three years or more. It was so far held in
(1)  1964 (Cairo);   (2)  1970 Lusaka, Zambia;  (3) 1973 - Algiers, Algeria;  (4) 1976 - Colombo, Srilanka;  (5) 1979 - Havan, Cuba;  (6) 1983 - New Delhi, India;   (7) 1986 - Harare, Zimbabwe;   (8) 1989 - Belgrade, Yugoslavia;
(9) 1992 - Jakarta, Indonesia,  (10) 1995 - Cartagene;  (11) 1998 - Durban, South Africa;  (12) 2003 - Kuala Lampur;  (13) 2006, Havanana, Cuba;  (14) 2009 - Sharm al Sheikh, Egypt;  (15) 2012 - Ankara, Tehran ; (16) 2015 - Caracass, Venezeula. 

1983 - New Delhi.

About 120 countries.

SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION: Formed from December 8, 1985 at Dhaka, Bangladesh. The idea for the formation of this organization was mooted by Bangladesh President Zia-Zer Rehman in 1979. Proposed to meet annually, but occasionally it is held once in two years.

1) Bhutan 2) Bangladesh 3) India 4) The Maldives 5) Pakistan 6) Nepal 7) SriLanka and 8) Afghanistan (the last to join in 2005).

1) To promote the welfare of the people of the South Asia  2) To improve the security of the region. 3) To accelerate economic growth and cultural development; 4) To combat terrorism.

General Ershad, President Bangladesh.

Mr.Abul Ahsan, Senior Diplomat, Bangladesh.

Bangladesh Dhaka - 1985.

1.  Nov 1986 - New Delhi - Rajiv Gandhi;
2.  2-4, May, 1995; 
3.  3-4, April 2007. 

Kathmandu - Nepal from 16.1.1987 on a permanent basis.

1. EUROPEAN UNION: Est. 7.2.1992. HQ - Brusels,Belgium. French Foreign Minister proposed the formation of this Union in May 1950 and thus May 9th is observed as "Europe Day". As of now, it has about 25 countries in its fold and more countries are also planning to join the same. It has a member of other agencies and bodies to complete the system. The important one are: (i) European Parliament, (ii) Council of the European Union, (iii) European Commission, (iv) Court of Justice, (v) Court of Auditors, (vi) European Economic & Social committee, (vii) Committee of Regions, (viii) European Central Bank (Managing "Euro"), (ix) European Ombudsman, (x) European Investment Bank. It was earlier called "European Coal and Steel Community" founded on 10.8.1952, under The Treaty of Paris 1951.
2. EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION: EFTA: Est. in May 1960 HQ at Geneva. To remove all tariffs on trade of industrial goods between them and to help creation of a single West European Market to boost World Trade.
3. CARRIBEAN COMMUNITY - CARICOM: Est. on 1.8.1973 - HQ Georgetown, Guyana. Coordinates the economic policies and development of member state, formulates common external trade tariffs and policy. The members are mostly of the West Indies group islands like - Anguilla, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jausaica, Montserrat, St.Kitts & Nevis, St.Lucia, St. incent, Trinidad and Tobago.
4. ORGANISATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES-OPEC: Est. 14.11.1960, HQ - Vienna, Austria. Its objective is to control production and pricing of crude oil. There are about twelve countries in its fold. They are; Algeria, Ecuador, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela who have substantial export of oil. It was formed in 1960, when International oil companies announced that they are reducing the price of crude oil from Middle East.
5. ARAB LEAGUE: Also called League of Arab States. Est. March 1945 HQ Cairo Egypt. It was formed to improve unity particularly among the Muslim nations and maintenance of Arab Solidarity. It has the following members: 1) Algeria 2) Bahrain 3) Comoras 4) Djibouti 5) Iraq 6) Jordan 7) Kuwait 8) Lebanon 9) Libya 10) Mauritania 11) Morocco 12) Oman 13) Palastine 14) Qatar 15) Saudi Arabia 16) Somalia 17) Sudan 18) Syria 19) Tunisia 20) United Arab Emirates 21) Yemen 22) Egypt
6. CENTRAL TREATY ORGANISATION: Est. in 1955, by a few Middle East countries with ANKARA (Turkey) as a defensive organization for protection against Russian interference. Started with five members viz UK, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, and Iraq. This organization is almost defunct with a few withdrawals for other reasons.
7. BENELUX ECONOMIC UNION: Started in 1958 with only 3 members Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg and headquarters at Brussels, for economic unity among themselves.
8. NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANISATION:NATO: April 4 1949 - HQ Brussels, Belgium. After the WWII the Western Powers from Europe & America joined together to form this association to resist any threat from communist countries. So far there are about 24 countries like Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, UK, USA etc.
9. GROUP OF 77: Est. in 1964 under the auspicious of the UNO, to defend the economic and trade interest of the developing nations of the world. It has now 135 members of developing countries from Asia, Africa and Latin America.
10. SOUTH EAST ASIA TREATY ORGANISATION: SEATO: Est. on September 4 1954, with headquarters at Bangkok, Thailand, to provide defense and economic cooperation in South East Asia. It has members like Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand and UK. Pakistan with drew in 1973.
11. COLOMBO PLAN: Est. in 1950 HQ Colombo.To promote the development of the newly independent Asian member countries. It has about twenty six member countries.
12. ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY: OAU: Est. 25.5.1963 HQ Addin Ababa, Ethiopia. To promote African Unity and solidarity, put an end to colonization in Africa and to coordinate the political, economic, defense, health, scientific and cultural policies of its members. It has all independent African countries numbering about 59. Now known as African Union from 2002.
13. ORGANISATION OF AMERICAN STATES - OAS: Est. 30.4.1948 HQ Washington DC, USA. To promote American solidarity and aid collaboration of member countries to protect their independence, sovereignty and boundaries. It has a member of nearly 32 nations from America.
14. ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT - OECD: Est. 30.09.1961 HQ Paris, France. Membres:30 To seek sustained economic growth, employment, higher standards of living and monetary stability among its member nations. Member states are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, USA, Germany, etc. Earlier it was known as Organization for European Economic Cooperation.
15. ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS - ASEAN: Est. 8/9.8.1967 HQ Jakarta, Indonesia. To accelerate economic progress and maintain economic stability of SE Asia. The organization was established in Thailand with Malaysia and Philippines as other member nations. Indonesia, Singapore and Brunei joined in 1984. The member states of ASEAN - Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam. The Candidate States are :Papua New Guinea and Timor Leste. Asean Plus Three States: China, Japan, South Korea. East Asia Summit: is a forum held annually by leaders of initially 16 countries East Asia Region. Memebership is expanded to 18 by the inclusion of USA and Russia in 2011 meeting. This 2011 meeting included Australia, India, New Zealand, Russia and USA. It is headed by the secretary general elected on rotational basis for three years.
16. CENTRAL AMERICAN COMMON MARKET - CACM: Est. 1960 HQ Guatemala City. Aims at Central American, integration, equalization of import duties and charges and uniform control on foreign investments. Costa Rica, Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua are the members. 17. FRENCH COMMUNITY: An organization est. In 1958 similar to Commonwealth, to offer new institutions to French overseas territories base don the common ideology of liberty, equality and fraternity.Franco, CA Republic, Congo, Gabon, Senegal, Chad, Madagascar, Djibouti are its members.
18. INTERPOL: Est. in 1923, it is an international Police Organization having 147 member countries, created for the exchange of information on various criminals and related activities. Headquartered at Leon, France. It is also called the international Criminal Policy Organization.
19. ORGANISATION OF THE ISLAMIC CONFERENCE - OIC: Est. in 1971 after a series of meeting between Islamic Heads of states during 1969-70. It aims to promote Islamic solidarity and cooperation in various areas of development, to eliminate racism, protect holy places and to contribute for work peace. HQ Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
20. GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL: Formed in 1991, by Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt and Syria. It has established an armed regional peace keeping force by declaration of Damascus, which also envisages political and economic cooperation. They have also created an aid fund to promote development in Arab countries, which had helped liberate Kuwait in 1991.
21. G15 GROUP OF FIFTEEN: An economic grouping of Afro Asian and Latin American or Third world nations which was formed at the 1989 NAM Summit at Bangladesh. The members are: México, Jamaica, Venezuela, Brasil, Argentina, Senegal, Algeria, Nigeria, Former Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe, Egypt, Malasiya, India and Indonesia.
22. G8 GROUP OF EIGHT: Est. On 22.9.1985, originally with seven members (G7) and in 1998 it became G8 with Russia joining in it. It is a group of industrially developed democracies which meet periodically mainly on the matter of world economic and any other concerning matter. Present members are: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, USA and Russia.
23. ORGANISATIONOF ARAB PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTIRES- OAPEC Est.HQ : Kuwait Members: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Qatar, Libya, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, Syria, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia.

Kathmandu, Nepal

Brussels, Belgium; Strasbourg ( ) and Luxembourg.

Manila, Philippines.

Venezeula.

Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

European Union - representing the bloc of European countries.

Brussels, Belgium, Est. on 25.3.1957.

Geneva, Switzerland, Est. May 1960.

George Town, Guyana, Est. 1.8.1973.

Vienna, Austria Est. 14.11.1960.

March 1945, Cairo Egypt.

Bangkok, Thailand, Est. on 4.9.19154.

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Est. 25.5.1963.

Washington DC, USA Est. 25.5.1948.

Jakarta, Indonesia, Est. 9.8.1967.

Guatemala city Est. 1960.

Lyons, France Est. 1923.

Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria.

An organization for cooperation of "Emerging Economics" countries including India, Brazil, China, Mexico and South Africa. Formed in 2005 at the instance of Tony Blair, PM UK.

European Coal and Steel community.

An organization for cooperation between Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.

Ecuador and Venezeula.

Organizations which are specifically formed to render assistance to human, in extreme circumstances and also on a regular basis. These organizations are not affiliated to any diplomatic or political organizations or countries. In simple terms, these organizations function without any barriers of caste, creed, religion or territory, and serves the humanity and environment.

1. Red Cross/Red Crescent, 2. Blue Cross, 3. Peace Corps, 4. PETA, 5. Scouts and Guides, 6. Rotary International, 7. Lions Club International, 8. Amnesty International, 9. World Wilde Life Fund

It was founded by Henry Durant a Swiss businessman in 1863 with about 25 country members. Now it is spread across 185 countries. It is headquartered at Geneva, Switzerland.

Henry Durant, a Swiss businessman, on a business trip to Italy, witnessed the "Battle of Solferino" (a war between France and Sardinians coalition against Austria) in June 1859, and saw the death and wounded soldiers of about 4000 on a single day which changed his mind to return to his country. On return he wrote a book titled "A memory of Solferino" and with four other leading personalities of Geneva viz; GUSTAVE MOYNIER, LOUIS APPIA, THEODORE MAUNDIR and GUILLAUME HENRI DUFOUR formed an association called "Committee of Five" which later in October 1863 became "International Committee for Relief to the Wounded". This organization after convention with diplomatic representation in August 1864, proposed into what is today the worlds' most recognized service organization, rendering assistance for all types of calamities be it natural or otherwise.

He was honored with the first Noble Peace prize in 1901. Infact, in the meantime he had became bankrupt.

A Red Cross on a white background.

It is known as "Red Crescent" in Islamic countries. In the flag of white background the cross is replaced by crescent. The reason for the change was the objection raised by the Ottoman Empire during the Russo - Turkish war in 1876-78 and used Red Crescent perhaps for religious reasons.

Red crystal on a white background.

"WITH HUMANITY TOWARDS PEACE"

1917, 1944, 1963.

May 8th birthday of Henry Durant.

125 years at work and still developing.

Charity in War.

International de la Croix Rouge.

An animal welfare society founded in 1897 in UK, to ensure welfare of animals and to educate people of the need to protect and care for the animals.

Stands for "PEOPLE FOR ETHICAL TREATMENT OF ANIMALS". It is an animal care and rights organization, based in US. It was founded by INGRID NEWKIRK of UK and ALEX PACHEO of US in 1980 at Virginia US. It has members throughout the world and is funded by the members, and also receives donations from various private and leading companies. "Here is the rest of your fur coat"; "I would rather go naked than wear Fur" and "Beaten lonely and abused" are some of its campaign slogans.

A movement to encourage and Inculcate in the youngsters their physical, mental and spiritual development to enable them to play a constructive role in the society. The scouts are meant for boys and Guides are meant for girls.

ROBERT BADEN POWELL, a Lieutenant General of the British army founded in 1907. In India the Scouts movement was founded in 1909.

AGNES BADEN POWELL, SISTER OF Robert founded this in 1910. The movement is also called Girls Scout. In India the Guides movement was founded in 1911.

"Duty to God" is the basic principle. This term is expressed in different terms in individual countries, like in Canada it is expressed as "adherence to spiritual principles".

AGE                 SCOUTS           GUIDES
7 to 10            Cub                     Bul Bul /Brownie
11 to 17          Scout/ Boy          Guide/ Girl
18+                  Rover                 Ranger.

BE PREPARED is the motto. It stands as: B = Bravery, E = Enterprise, P = Purpose, R = Resolution, E = Endurance, P = Partnership, A = Assurance, R = Reformation, E = Enthusiasm, D = Devotion

The thumb resting on the little finger forming a ring and with three fingers standing upright.

While saluting with the right, the hand shake is made with the left hand to the others left hand meaning to a transition from one heart to the other.

On my honor, I promise that, 1. I will do my duty to the God and the King, 2. I will do my best to help others, what ever it costs me., 3. I know the scout law and obey it. The word King will be changed according to the political status of the country. In India it is replaced by "to my Dharma"

Scouts -1909; Guides - 1911

It is a leadership programme for the adult leaders with the aim to make Scouters as better leaders by teaching advanced skills. It consists of a classroom and outdoor practical course. Those who pass out get "Wood Badge" awards and entails them to carry forward the movement by organizing their own troop etc. Such trained persons are identified by Wood Badge Beads, First Gill well Group Neck Kerchief (Scarf). The First Gill well neck Kerchief is Universal Symbol of the Scouting movement. It is named so because the first Wood Badge course was organized at Gill well Park, London.

A large gathering of scouts who rally at national or international level. The first world Jamboree was held at 1920 at UK. IT is held once in four years and so far 21 World Jamboree have been held.

BRONZE WOLF: The highest world award in the scouting movement in the world body.,
PRESIDENTS AWARD: The highest Indian award for Scouts and Guides - Silver Elephant.

Scouts: World Organization of the Scout movement - Geneva, Switzerland; Est. in 1920.
GUIDES: World Organization for Girl Guides London, UK - Est. in 1928.

Founded by Paul Harris in Chicago, USA in 1905.

"Service above Self"

It is spread across in about 200 countries, 32000 club and more than 12 million members. The members are called Rotarians. The organization takes up all kinds of social service and mostly community based. POLIO PLUS is it major programme.

1920

An International Community service organization founded by MELVIN JONES in 1917 in US. It is spread across 200 countries about 45000 clubs and about 14 lakhs members.

"We Serve"

A non-governmental organization that fights against all kind of human right abuse and fight to promote human rights. It was founded by PETER BENENSON, a British lawyer. It became "Amnesty International" from 30.09.1962. It has won the Nobel Prize (1977 ) and UN's Human Rights Peace Prize--1978.

Organ Donation.