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GLANDS

Q1. What are Glands?
They are organs of the body which manufacture some liquids which are secreted from the cells both internally and externally.
Q2. What are the types of glands?
(1) Ducted; (2) Ductless.
Q3. What are "Ducted" glands and give a few examples of them?
They are glands which secrete their product through well defined ducts. Example:
(1) Liver: The largest of the glands secretes bile in the stomach.
(2) Lachrymal: Located behind the eyes secretes tears in the eyes.
(3) Salivary: Located below the tongue, secretes saliva into the mouth to facilitate chewing.
(4) Sweat: Spread almost all over the body and secretes sweat, a watery fluid containing sodium chloride and urea, through pores.
Q4. What are "Ductless" Glands?
They are also called "Endocrine" glands. They secrete their fluids internally and directly enter the blood stream.
Q5. The excretions from ductless glands are known as?
Harmones and Enzymes.
Q6. How the ductless glands are functioning?
They secrete their fluids in response to the instructions from the brain. The blood then carries them around the body where they control internal chemical processes. Hence, they are linked with the nervous system and also with the circulatory system.
Q7. What are Harmones and their functions?
Chemical substances formed in the ductless (Endocrine) glands. They join the blood streams directly and are directed towards specific organ or tissue located elsewhere in the body and help that organ to modify/regulate the chemical activity within it. For instance, they help digestion in the stomach, regulate production of RBCs in the kidneys, by the bone marrow, they regulate pregnancy in the placenta (a cover over the child) and in the ovaries, depending upon the sex of the child under growth and regulate the voice and other physical features.
Q8. What are enzymes and their functions?
They are complex chemical substances (biochemical catalysts). Consisting wholly or partly of proteins (Soluble Colloidal Proteins) and or produced in the living cells. A small quantity can hasten change in other chemical compounds while remaining unaltered in it's status at the end of the process. They are also responsible for biochemical reactions in the protoplasm of blood. Any one type of enzyme can only cause such change in a few types of chemical compounds with which it is said to be active. Enzymes are mostly converting agents.
Q9. What are the important harmones?
HARMONESPRODUCED INACTION
ADRENALINProduced in Adrenalin gland -Controls Blood Pressure
INSULINProduced in PancreasSugar Metabolism
OESTROGENProduced in OvaryAffects female organs
TESTOTERONEProduced in TestesAffects male Reproduction,
THYROXINProduced in ThyroidGrowth and metabolic
Q10. What are the important enzymes and their functions?
ENZYME PRODUCED ATCONVERTS
AMYLASE -Produced at Salivary Glands -Converts Starch to sugar,
PTYALIN -Produced at Salivary Glands,
PEPTIN -Produced at Gastric Glands -Converts Proteins to Amino Acids (Peptones) in stomach,
TRYPSIN -Produced at Pancreas in -Converts Proteins to Peptones Abdomen,
AMYLASE -Produced at Pancreas -Converts Carbohydrates to Maltose,
LIPASE -Produced at Pancreas -Converts Fats to Fatty acids and Glycerol,
EREPSIN -Produced at Glands in the -Converts Peptide to Amino Acids small intestine,
MALTASE -Produced at Intestinal Glands -Converts Maltose to Glucose,
LACTASE -Produced at Intestinal Glands -Converts Lactose to Glucose,
SUCROSE -Produced at Intestinal Glands -Converts Sucrose to Glucose,
Q11. What are the important Ductless Glands?

1. THYMUS:  
LOCATION:
In front of the Trachea (wind pipe) behind the top of the breast bone.   
FUNCTION: Builds immunity in childhood against diseases.
2. THYROID: 
LOCATION:
In all vertebrates and on either side of trachea, on the neck.
SECRETION: Thyroxine containing 65% iodine.
EFFECT OF DEFICIENCY: (1) Dwarfism in children, (2) Goitre or Grave's disease (swelling of the thyroid gland normally on the neck below the ears) for adults.
3. PARATHYROID:
LOCATION:
Two pairs (four) lying near or within the lateral lobes of the thyroid glands.
SECRETION: Parathomone or Parathyroid hormones.
FUNCTION AND EFFECTS:(1) Raises the level of calcium and regulates the level, (2) Deficiency leads to Tetany/ Tetanus, (3) Removal of this gland may lead to death.
4. PROSTRATE:
LOCATION: A gland in males surrounding the urethra at the neck of the bladder. The urine passes through it.
SECRETION: Prostatic secretion which is mixed up with sperms and other fluids to make up the "semen".
FUNCTION AND EFFECT: Essential to the general function of the body related to blood pressure and sexual potency. For men of 50 and above, this gland elarges (common disorder) and can be removed.
5. GONDAS:
LOCATION: Reproductive glands - Ovaries in female and Testes in male.
SECRETION: Gonadotrophins
FUNCTION: Related to reproductive system - increases secretion of sex hormones.
6. ADRENAL:
LOCATION: Two small dissimilar glands, one above each kidney, consisting of Cortex and Medula.
SECRETION: Cortex secretes Corticosteroid and Medula secretes sex hormones including Adrenaline and Cortisone.
FUNCTIONS: (1) Causes acceleration of the breath, contraction of small blood vessels, dilation of the pupil and increases metabolic rate. (2) Causes heightened emotions and a sudden increase in physical strength during fear or anger, controls sexual growth and controls almost all functions of the body. (3) Regulates blood pressure and functions of the heart. (4) Excess secretion causes "Addision's Disease".
7. PANCREAS:
LOCATION: Soft irregular gland lying near the stomach - about 15 cm long - weight 98 grams.
SECRETION: Secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum and contains the Islets of Langerhans; produces Insulin, a clear secretion alkaline in nature containing enzymes.
FUNCTION: Helps in digestion of proteins, carbohydrates. It's failure causes Diabetes.
8. PITUITARY:
LOCATION: A smally oval shaped gland attached to the base of the vertebrae in the brain, also called Hypophysis.
SECRETION: Called the "Master Gland" as it controls the other endocrine glands and influences growth and metabolism. The harmones secreted by it control, mental, sexual and physical growth of the body. Deficiency causes Dwarfism. An excess results in much increased body growth called Acromegaly.
Q12. Which gland protects the childhood from diseases or provides immunity?
Thymus.
Q13. Failure of which glands are the cause for Dwarfism?
Thyroid and Pituitary.
Q14. Failure of which gland is the cause of Goitre?
Thyroid - (Deficiency of Iodine productions)
Q15. Which gland secretes calcium? Removal of this gland may lead to...?
Para Thyroid - removal leads to death.
Q16. Failure of which gland leads to Tetany?
Parathyroid.
Q17. Which gland secretes Semen?
Prostrate (can be removed).
Q18. Which gland and it's secretion causes heightened emotions, increased strength, etc.?
Adrenal - It's secretion is Adrenaline.
Q19. Which gland secretes Insulin and the deficiency of it causes?
Pancreas - secretes insulin - Deficiency causes diabetes.
Q20. Which gland is called the "Master Gland"?
Pituitary.
Q21. Excess secretion of insulin by Pancreas causes?
Addision's Disease.
Q22. Excess secretion by Pituitary gland causes?
Increased body growth called Acromegaly.
Q23. Which is the largest of the glands?
Liver.
Q24. Liver secretes what?
Bile juice useful for digestion.
Q25. Which gland secretes tears from the eyes?
Lachrymal.
Q26. What is the content of sweat?
Sodium Chloride and Urea.
Q27. Where are the Pineal Glands?
Behind the eyes.
Q28. How many lobes are there in the Pituitary Glands?
Three nos. Anterior, Midlobe, Posterior.
Q29. Which gland helps to maintin Calcium in blood?
Parathyroid gland.
Q30. How did "Insulin" get it's name?
Insula in Latin means "Island". Because Insulin is secreted from the "Islets of Langerhans" in the Pancreas.
Q31. Enzyme "Ptyalin" is produced in the ....?
Salivary Glands.
Q32. How many salivary glands are there?
3 pairs below the tongue. They are called Partoid, Submaxillary, Sublingual.
Q33. Name the mineral essential for synthesis of thyroid hormone?
Iodine.
Q34. What are Endocrine glands?
They are ductless glands. Eg: Pituitary, Adrenal and Thymus.
Q35. What are Exocrine Glands?
Glands with ducts. Eg: Liver and Salivary Glands.
Q36. Which harmone contains Iodine?
Thyroxine.
Q37. Which Enzyme can hydrolyse Sucrose?
Invertase.
Q38. Which gland is located close to brain?
Pineal.
Q39. Who discovered the para-thyroid glands, while dissecting a rhinoceros?
Sir Richard Owen.
Q40. Which enzymes present in perspiration and tears, destroys the cell walls of many bacteria, thus protecting our bodies against them?
Lesozyme.
Q41. In which form energy is stored in the body?
ATP -- Adenosine triphosphate.
Q42. What is the name given to the liquid secreted by the mammary glands immediately and for the first few days after pasturition?
Colostrum.
Q43. Which harmone is responsible for feminity?
Oestrogen.
Q44. Which is the biggest salivary gland?
Partoid gland.
Q45. Which gland maintains the balance of water and salt in the body?
Adrenal.
Q46. Which is the harmone produced by Pyporic glands?
Gastrin.
Q47. What is the harmone that produces breast milk?
Prolactin.
Q48. Which enzyme in saliva changes carbohydrates into Maltose?
Ptyalin.
Q49. Major function of the Enzymes are?
Regulates chemical activities of our body.
Q50. Which harmone increases the quantity of sugar in gland?
Glucagone.
Q51. Which harmone is involved in the water regulation of the body?
ADH - Anti Diuretic Hormone.
Q52. Which harmone is responsible for the growth of Moustache and also cause for baldness?
Testosterone.
Q53. Who discovered insulin of diabetes?
Bauting and Best.
Q54. Which is the leading gland in the body?
Pituitary gland.
Q55. Which gland is associated with immunity in children?
Thymus gland.
Q56. Which hormone is called "energy hormone"?
Adrenaline.
Q57. Which is the first harmone prepared by Genetic Engineering?
Insulin
Q58. Which hormone helps the conversion of sugar from the food to Glucose?
Insulin.
Q59. What is the enzyme found in tears that kills harmful bacterias?
Lysozyme or Lacrimase
Q60. Which harmone secreted by Parathyroid gland?
Parathermone.
Q61. What is called Juvenile harmone?
Thymocine.
Q62. Which harmone is known as "Growth Harmone"?
Stomatostatin - Deficiency causes Dwarfism. It is secreted from Pituitary gland.
Q63. Which gland is called the "Biological Clock"?
Pineal Gland.
Q64. What is the name for the oil glands in our skin?
Sebaceous glands.
Q65. Hormones are controlled by?
Endocrine glands.
Q66. Which enzyme converts protein into peptone?
Pepsin.
Q67. Which enzyme converts peptone into amino acid?
Tripsin.
Q68. Excess Amino acid is converted into?
Glucose.
Q69. Chemically an enzyme is a ...?
Protein.
Q70. Name the enzyme which digests starch?
Ptyalin.
Q71. What controls the endocrine glands?
Pituitary.
Q72. Which gland produces sweat?
Eccrine Glands.
Q73. Who first located the hormone adrenaline?
John J. Abel
Q74. Which gland produces "melatonis" a hormone that may weakly modulate wake and sleep patterns?
Pineal glands.