A built structure to connect two ends of a single pathway dissected mostly by a water body or any other obstruction, like rail road, valley, river, gorge etc.,

Quebec Bridge: Across St. Lawrence river, Canada - 1800 feet span length.

LUPU BRIDGE - in China is the longest arch bridge by span.

Akashi Kaikyo Bridge: between KOBE and NARUTO in Japan is the largest Suspension bridge in the world. It also has the largest span for any type of bridge.

Rio Antirio Bridge: in Greece, spanning Gulf of Corinth, with a total length of 2880 mts and four towers.

Milau Viaduct - in France, currently the tallest suspension bridge in the world

Vidya Sagar Ketu - across Hooghly river in Kolkatta.

Sky Bridge: The longest transit only bridge in the world - automotive vehicles not allowed - has two tracks to enable Trans Link Sky Train to pass either way on the bridge on its journey between King George Station in Surrey and Water Front Station in Vancouer, UK.

It is a spar cable stayed bridge across Sacremento River in California, USA meant for cyclists and pedestrians only. Its shadow is cast upon a large dial to the north of the bridge and shadow thus cast by the bridge is accurate only on one day in a year i.e. June 21 - the Summer Solstice.

Pamban Bridge, near Rameswaram, Tamilnadu.

Baily Bridge - between Dars and Surv rivers in the Ladakh Valley, Himalayas. Built in August 1982 by the Indian Army. It is located at an altitude of 18379 feet above sea level for a length of 98 feet long.

Palk Strait - connects Mandapam mainland with Rameswaram, the temple island town.

24.2.1914 (Metre Gauge)

12.8.2007

Coronation Bridge - Teesta river, Darjeeling - Jalpaiguri.

Canti lever.

Constructed purely with girders and fastened with iron rivets only.

The busiest road bridge in the world.

Bridge across Lohit river between Dhola and Sadiya in Assam -- 9.15 kms -- Beam Bridge -- Opened in May 2017..

Royal Gorge Bridge - over Arkansas river - Colorado, USA - 1053 ft above water level.

1. Pontchartrain Bridge - over Pontchartrain lake - 38.35 Kms - longest bridge over water (continuous)2. Jiaozhou Bay Bridge - connecting Qingdao with Huangdao - 41.58 Kms Long - longest bridge over water (aggregate).

1. Bahrain to Saudi Arabia - connected by King Fahd Cause Way - 25 Kms - Completed in 1986.
2. Bahrain to Qatar - Friendship Causeway - 40 Kms - expected to be Completed by 2022.

Akashi Kaikyo Bridge across Akashi Strait connecting Kobe and Awaji Islands in Japan.

Bosphorous Bridge across Bhosphorous Strait in Istanbul, Turkey.

Iron Bridge - Shropshire, England - built in 1781.

Lake Pontchartrain Causeway - connecting Metairie in Louisiana with Mandeville, Louisiana, USA - 38.42 Kms - Built in 1956.

Menai Suspension Bridge - Wales - UK - built in 1826.

Oresund Bridge - Cable Stayed - 7845 mtrs . Connects Copenhagen of Denmark with Malmo of Sweden.

The bridge across Penobscot river is pumped with full of pressurized Nitrogen gas to prevent corrosion.

Sydney Harbour Bridge, Australia.

Tower Bridge - Thames river - 1894.

Hangzhou Bay Bridge - 36 Kms - Cixi, Zhejiang Province, China - linking Hiaiyan of Jiaxing city with Cixi of Ningbo City.

Howrah Bridge.

Bandra-Worli Sea Link.

Brooklyn Bridge.

Kanchanaburi, Thailand.

Hyderabad - between Mehdipatnam to Aramgarh connecting Shamsabad International Airport. An elevated corridor running for 11.6 Kms.

A moveable bridge that can allow river traffic to pass through.Eg: Tower Bridge, London, & Pamban Bridge, Rameswaram.

Named after the battle between Mughal forces led by Ram Singh and Ahom Forces led by Lachit Barphukan.

Vallarpadam Bridge - near Kochi, Kerala. 4.62 Kms over Vembanad Lake.

Q.41  Which is the world's longest cross sea bridge in the world?
A.       Hongkong -- Zhuhai -- Macao sea bridge -- 55 Km . 

1.BEAM BRIDGES: A rigid horizontal structure resting on two end supports and carries loads of traffic by structurally acting as a beam. Made of wooden logs in villages, remote and forest areas, steel angles and beams, box type steel or concrete girders. Generally erected as pedestrian crossings, light vehicle passage, flyovers, etc., Structurally the simplest form of all bridges.
2.CANTILEVER BRIDGES: A bridge built by using cantilevers. Cantilevers are structures that project horizontally into space, supported on only one end. For small foot bridges, the cantilevers may be simple beams; large Cantilevers designed to handle road or rail traffic use trusses built from structural steel Or box girders built from prestressed concrete.
3.ARCH BRIDGES: Is a bridge with abutment at each end shaped as a curved arch. They work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads, particularly into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at each side. Used for all vehicular traffic.
4.SUSPENSION BRIDGE: They are of two types, viz: Simple Suspension Bridges: They are bridges hung from two different elevated points by way of ropes, steel ropes etc., They can be installed for short distance and are useful mostly for walking across only.
5.CABLE STAYED BRIDGES: Are of two types - Harp and Fan, differentiated by how the cables are connected to the towers (which are called PYLON). These cable stayed bridges are of different types like - 1. Side Spar Cable Stayed; 2. Self Anchored suspension bridge; 3. Compression Arch suspended Deck bridge ( or through Arch Bridge) 4. Stressed Ribbon Bridge etc.,
6.MOVABLE BRIDGE: A bridge that move to open up way for boats, ships etc., Draw, Bascule, Folding, Curling, Life Table, Retractable, Rolling, Submersible, Tilt and Swing are the various types in this type of bridge.

1. PAMBAN BRIDGE:
(a)The Only movable bridge in India. Located across Palk Strait connecting the Pamban Island housing the famous religious town and temple of Rameswaram and the mainland Mandapam
(b) The bridge is about 2.3 Kms in length.
(c) In the Centre of the bridge, it is capable of opening upwards to allow ships to pass through and lies back to be a railway track (now Broad Gauge).
(d) It was built in 1911.
(e) On 24.2.1914 the first train cum ferry was opened.
(f) The movable span was designed by Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridge Co., Chicago, USA.
(g) Initially it was only a metre gauge railway track. From 12.8.2007, broad-gauge service has been introduced.
(h) It has 146 spans.
2. CORONATION BRIDGE: Also called Sevoke Bridge, across Teesta river connecting Darjeeling to Jalpaiguri on NH 31. Built by the British to commemorate the Coronation of King George.
3. ELLIS BRIDGE: Also called Swami Vivekananda Bridge in Ahmedabad across Sabarmati river, built in 1875.
4. GOLDEN BRIDGE: Built in 1881 by the British connecting Ankhleshwar to Baruch in Gujarat, across Narmada River.
5. GODAVARI BRIDGE: Known as New Godavari Bridge across Godavari river, Near Rajahmundry in Andhra Pradesh for a length of 2.73 Kms. Built on the base of 28 bow string arch girders. A railway bridge capable of handling 250 Kmph speed of trains. Commissioned in 1997.
6. HOWRAH BRIDGE:
(a)Also called Rabindra Sethu - a very busy Cantilever bridge across Hooghly river connecting Howrah and Kolkatta cities.
(b) Built between 1937-1943 by Cleveland Bridge and Engineering Company entirely with girders and rivets.
(c) The busiest road bridge in the world.
(d) It is 705 mtr/1500 ft in length and 97 mtrs wide with 72 ft wide span.
(e) Prior to this thre was a floating bridge called "Pontoon" Bridge" which is not in existence now.
(f) There are two more bridges adjacent to this bridge. They are: Vidya Sagar Sethu: A cable stayed bridge - 823 mts in length. Named after Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, a freedom fighter of Bengal. The Bridge was commissioned for traffic in 1992.
(g) Vivekananda Statue: It is a road cum rail bridge connecting Howrah and Kolkatta. It is located at Dakshineshwar. Built in 1932 across Hooghly river.
7. KOLIA BHOMORA SETHU: Across river Brahmaputra near Tezpur in Assam. Named after the Ahom General Bhomora. It is about 3015 mtrs in length.
8. MAHATMA GANDHI SETHU: Across Ganges river connecting Patna and Hajipur. Commissioned in 1982 - It is about 5450 mtrs in length - The longest bridge in India and the world.9. NEHRU BRIDGE: Across Sabarmati river in Ahmedabad.
10. PONTE DE LINHARES: 2.5 Kms long causeway connecting Ribandar and Panjim of Goa. Built in 1633 by Portuguese Viceroy Count of Linhares.
11. VASHI BRIDGE: Built across Thane creek connecting Mankhund in Old Bombay to Vashi in New Bombay - Built in 1970.
12. BANDRA WORLI SEA LINK: An eight lane twin carriageway cable stayed Bridge with prestressed concrete viaduct approaches. Completed in June 2009- Length 5.6 Kms., Height 126 mtrs., Longest Span 820 ft and clearance below 66 ft.

1. ALBERT EDWARD BRIDGE: A railway bridge across Severn river in Shropshire, England - built in 1864 - designed by John Fowler - Large single span cast iron Bridge.
2. AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE: A suspension bridge across Akashi Strait connecting Kobe and Awaji Islands. It is the longest suspension bridge in the world for a total length of 3411 mtrs.
3. BOSPHOROUS BRIDGE: Across Bosphorous strait, in Istanbul, Turkey connecting Europe and Asia. It is a gravity anchored suspension bridge. The bridge has the unique incident of Venus Williams, the famous US Tennis star playing on the bridge and British Formula 1 driver David Courlthard driving his car on the bridge, as a promotional campaign.
4. BROOKLYN BRIDGE: Over East river connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn in USA. 1825 mtrs long.
5. CHICAGO SKYWAY: The Bridge spans the Calumet River and Calumet Harbour in Chicago, for a length of 12.6 Kms with a vertical clearance of 125 ft above water.
6. CONFEDERATION BRIDGE: Linking Prince Edward Island and mainland of Canada, Over Northumberland Strait with a distance of 12.9 Kms, it is the longest bridge in the world over freezing water.
7. DONGHAI BRIDGE: Connecting Shanghai and Yashan Port, China for a total Distance of 32.5 Kms over the sea. It is the longest cross sea bridge in the world Commissioned in 2005.
8. GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE: Most famous suspension bridge in the world, connecting San Francisco and Marin County in California for a length of 2740 mtrs.
9. GREAT BELT FIXED LINK: Connecting Zealand island and Funen Island in Denmark for a length of 6790 mtrs - it is a road and rail bridge.
10. HARTLAND BRIDGE: Canada - across St.John River connecting Hartland to Sommerville - World's longest covered bridge - length 390 mtrs.
11. HERCILIO LUZ BRIDGE: Connecting Island of Florianopolis and mainland Branzil. A suspension bridge and one of the oldest hanging bridges in the world.
12. THE IRON BRIDGE: World's first Iron bridge in Shropshire, England - Built in 1781.
13. JAMUNA BRIDGE: Across Jamuna River in Bangladesh - Called the Bangabandhu Jamuna Sethu - 4.8 Kms - longest in Bangladesh and second longest in S.Asia.
14. LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN CAUSEWAY: Over lake Pontchartrain connecting Metairie, Louisiana and Mandeville, Louisiana, USA - Commissioned in 1956 - The Length is 38.42 Kms - It is a parallel bridge - longest continuous bridge in the world.
15. MACKINAC BRIDGE: A suspension bridge over Mackinac Strait in Michigan, USA. 8083 mtrs in length.
16. MENAI SUSPENSION BRIDGE: Wales - The first road suspension bridge in the world. Built in 1826.
17. NATCHEZ TRACE PARKWAY BRIDGE: Tennesse, USA - 479.1 Mtrs - First Concrete Arch Bridge in USA.
18. NEW RIVER GORGE BRIDGE: West Virginia, USA - length 924 mtrs. Second highest Vehicular bridge in the world at a height of 267 mtrs - 876 ft - It is across New River - completed in 1977.
19. ORESUND BRIDGE: A cable stayed bridge, road cum rail use over Oresund strait connecting Copenhagen, Denmark and Sweden with Malund of Sweden.Length 7845 mtrs.
20. PENANG BRIDGE: Cable stayed bridge over South Channel of Penang, Malaysia.Total length 13.5 Kms - one of the longest bridges in the world.
21. PENOBSCOT NARROWS BRIDGE: Cable stayed bridge across Penobscot river in USA-646 mtrs - The whole bridge is pumped with pressurized Nitrogen gas to defend against corrosion. It is also home to the Penobscot Narrows Observatory, the first bridge observation tower in USA and only the third in the world
22. QUEBEC BRIDGE: Over St.Lawrence river in Canada. 987 mtrs long and the longest cantilever bridge span in the world. Commissioned in 1919
23. SYDNEY HARBOUR BRIDGE: In Sydney, Australia. 1149 mtrs in length - It is the Widest long span bridge in the world - largest stell arch bridge with the top of the bridge standing 134 mtrs above the harbour.
24. TOWER BRIDGE: London - a famous land mark - across Thames river - 244 mtrs in length - Commissioned in 1894.
25. TSING MA BRIDGE: A suspension bridge in Hong Kong connecting two islands -One of the longest suspension bridges in the world. Road and Rail use - 1377 mtrs in length - 206 mtrs in height - commissioned in 1977.
26. VERRAZANO NARROWS BRIDGE:
Connects Staten Island and mainland Brooklyn in USA - 1298 mtrs in length - Commissioned in 1964.
27. VICTORIA FALLS BRIDGE: Across Zambesi river and connecting Zimbabwe and Zambia. It was the brainchild of Cecil Rhodes, the South African business Magnate, politician etc - 250 mtrs in length.

An underground passage through mountains or the ground or even water, normally twice longer than its width, covered on all sides except for the opening at both ends. May be used for pedestrians, cyclists or vehicles or rail traffic etc and sometimes as a secret expel passage. Nowadays fairly lengthy tunnels, running into several kilometers are dug, to facilitate Metro Rail Transport (underground) systems in various cities.

Simplon Tunnel - a railway tunnel - commissioned in 1905. 19803 mtrs.

It is a 31 mile tunnel lying between the Rail route of Brussels (Belgium) to London (UK).

Seikan Tunnel - a railway tunnel in Japan - 53.85 Kms of which 23.3 Kmsunder sea level in Tsugaru Strait between Honshu and Hokkaido islands.

Laedral Tunnel - 24.5 Kms between Laedral and Aurland in Norway.

Pijanne Tunnel - Finland - to provide fresh water to Greater Helsinki City. It is 120 Kms long.

Loncoln Tunnel - New Jersey to New York.

Fenghuoshan Tunnel 1338 mtrs in length lying at an altitude of 4905 mtrs above sea level on the Qinghai-Tibet Mountain Railway, China.

1. Pir Panjal Tunnel -- opened in june 2013 -- 11.21 Kms -- Connects Banihal and Hillar Shahabad railway stations in Kashmir.

1. Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel: Lies on the Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Railway line. It is about 10.96 Kms in length. The project is to connect the Kashmir Valley with the mainland Jammu (India). The entire length between Jammu and Baramulla is about 345 Kms and is  completed in 2017. This one is a railway line tunnel. It is the longest railway tunnel in India.
2. Rohtang Tunnel: Under constructions on the Leh- Manali (through Rohtang Pass) road route Highway. It is about 8.8 Kms/5.5 miles in length. Once completed, it will be the longest road tunnel in India. Construction begain in June 2010 and expected to be completed by 2019 and upon completion, it will reduce the distance between Manali - Leh (Ladakh) road distance by 60 Kms.

Maliguda Tunnel near Jeypore of Koraput Dt., Odisha.

Jawahar or Banihal Road Tunnel - completed in 1956 - 2.5 Kms/1.6 miles between Banihal and Qazigund of Kashmir.

Karbude Tunnel -- 6.50 Kms -- Ukshi - Bhoke Railway Station on the western ghats in Konkan Railway -- Maharashtra.

Punarjani Tunnel - 150 mtrs long - a natural tunnel in Thrissur Dt. Kerala.

1. CUT AND COVER: Simple method of construction where a trench is excavated and then roof covered with sufficient supporting beams to prevent collapse.
2. TUNNELLING SHIELD: A protective structure used in the excavation of tunnels through soil that is too soft or fluid, to remain stable during the time it takes to line the tunnel with a support structure of concrete, cast iron or steel. This was first successfully designed and used while constructing the Thames Tunnel in 1825.Tunnel Boring Machines: Machines to automate the entire tunneling process.
3.NEW AUSTRIAN TUNNELLING METHOD: A method devised in the 1960s, whereby the geological stress of the surrounding rockmass is used the stabilize the tunnel itself.
4. PIPE JACKING: A method where hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a tunnel boring machine or shield. This method is used to create tunnels under existing structure like roads, rail tracks.
5. UNDER WATER TUNNELS: These tunnels are dug by 1. Immersed Tubes -Where underwater tunnels are constructed using segments built elsewhere Floated and sunk into place, welded together and drained. Eg: Sydney Harbour Tunnel. 2. Possey and Webster Street Tubes - where two parallel underwater Tunnels connecting the cities Oakland and Alameda in California.
6. Other methods like, Drilling, blasting, slurry shield machines, and wall cover construction are also used for tunneling.

1. KARBUDE TENNEL: 6.5 Kms - between Ukshi - Bhoke railway Stations on the Konkan Railway/Western ghats, Maharashtra.
2. NATHUWADI TUNNEL: 4389 mtrs - between Karanjadi and Diwan Khavati On the Konkan Railway/Western ghats, Maharashtra.
3. TIKE TUNNEL: 4077 mtrs - between Ratnagiri and Nivasar, on the WesternGhats of Konkan Railway Corporation, Maharashtra.
4. BERDEWADI TUNNEL: 4000 mtrs - between Adavali and Vilawade on the Western ghats of Konkan Railway Corporation, Maharashtra.
5. SAVARDE TUNNEL: 3429 mtrs - between Kamathe and Savarde on the Western Ghats of Konkan Railway Corporation, Maharashtra.
6. BAREEM TUNNEL: 3343 mtrs - between Balli and Canacona, on the western ghats of Konkan Railway Corporation, Maharashtra.
7. KARWAR TUNNEL: 2950 mtrs - between Karwar - Harwada, on the western ghats of Konkan Railway Corporation, Maharashtra.
8. CHOWK TUNNEL: 2830 mtrs between Panvel and Karjat in Centrl Railway on the Pune-Mumbai section
9. PARCHURI TUNNEL: 2628 mtrs between Sangameshwar and Ukshi, on the western ghats of Konkan Railway Corporation, Maharashtra.
10.KHOWAI TUNNEL: 2472 mtrs between Mungiabari and Teliamura stations in North East Frontier Railway.
11. SANGAR TUNNEL: 2445 mtrs between Sangar and Manwal stations of Northern Railway in Jammu & Kashmir.
12. MONKEY HILL TUNNEL: 2156 mts - between Karjat and Khandala of Central Railway on the Pune - Mumbai section.
13. ARAVALI TUNNEL: 2100 mtrs between Aravali and Sangameshwar stations on the western ghats of Konkan Railway Corporation, Maharashtra.
14. CHIPLUN TUNNEL: 2033 mtrs - between Chiplun and Kamathe Stations on the western ghats of Konkan Railway Corporation.

1. SEIKAN TUNNEL: A railway tunnel in Japan, for a length of about 53.85 Kms of which 23.3 Kms is under sea bed, through Tsugaru Strait between Honshu and Hokkaido islands.
2. CHANNEL TUNNEL: Between France & England under English Channel - second Longest with 50 Km of which 39 Kms under the sea.
3. LAEDRAL TUNNEL: World's longest road tunnel for a length of 24.5 Kms between Laedral and Aurland in Norway.
4. SAINT GOTTHARD TUNNEL: World's second longest road tunnel at 16.32 Kms between Goschenen to Airolo in Switzerland.
5. HSUEHSHAN TUNNEL: Taiwan - Asia's longest highway tunnel and fourth in the world with a length of 12.95 Kms.
6. RENNSTEIG TUNNEL: Germany - going through Thuringian Forest for a distance of about 8.5 Kms. Germany's longest tunnel.
7. NORTH CAPE TUNNEL: Norway - Undersea Tunnel for 7 Kms reaching a depth of 212 mtr below sea level.
8. PAIJANNE TUNNEL: Finland - World's longest complete tunnel for 120 Kms - to provide fresh water to Greater Helsinki Metropolitan.
9. LINCOLN TUNNEL: Between New Jersey and New York - one of the busiest Vehicular tunnel in the world. 2280 mtrs in length.
10.SYDNEY HARBOUR TERMINAL TUNNEL: A vehicular crossing of Sydney Harbour in Australia. It is made up of three sections - 1) Twin 900 mtr tunnels in the north Shore 2) Twin 400 mtr tunnels on the south shore and 3) 960 mtr immersed Tube tunnel goes about 20 mtrs below sea level.
11. FENGHUOSHAN TUNNEL: On Qinghat-Tibet railway lies this world's highest tunnel at 4905 mtrs above sea level. Length 1338 mtrs. Fenghuoshan means Wind Fire Mountain in Chinese.
12. IWATE ICHINOHE TUNNEL: A railway tunnel in Japan. Length 25,810 mtrs ( 16 miles).
13. WUSHAOLING TUNNEL: Wuwei - China - Railway Tunnel - 21050 mtrs/13.1 miles.
14. SIMPLON TUNNEL: In the Alps, Switzerland - Railway tunnel 19803 mtrs/12.3 miles
15. VEREINA TUNNEL: Switzerland - Railway Tunnel - 19058 mtrs/11.8 miles.
16. SHIN KANMON TUNNEL: Kanmon Straits, Japan - 18713 mtrs/11.6 miles - a Railway Tunnel.
17. APENNINE TUNNEL: Railway Tunnel between Bologna and Florence, Italy -18507 mtrs/11.5 miles.
18. QINLING TUNNEL: Railway Tunnel - Qinling Mountains - China - 18457 mtrs/11.5 miles.
19. ZHONGNANSHAN TUNNEL: Road Tunnel in China - 18043 mtrs/11.3 miles.
20. GOTTHARD TUNNEL: Road Tunnel in Alps, Switzerland 16918 mtrs/10.2 miles.
21. ROKKO TUNNEL: Railway Tunnel in Rokko Mountain 16250 mtrs/10.1 miles.
22. FUKRA BASE TUNNEL: Railway Tunnel in Switzerland - 15442 mtrs/9.6 miles.
23. HARUNA TUNNEL: Railway Tunnel, Japan - 15350 mtrs/9.5 miles.
24. SEVEROMUYSKY TUNNEL: Railway Tunnel in Russia - 15343 mtrs/9.5 miles.
25. GORIGAMINE TUNNEL: Railway Tunnel in Japan - 15175 mtrs/9.4 miles.
26. MONTE SANTOMARCO TUNNEL: Railway Tunnel in Italy - 15040mtrs/9.3 miles.
27. NAKAYAMA TUNNEL: Railway Tunnel in Japan - 14857 mtrs/9.2 miles.
28. MOUNT McDONALD TUNNEL: Railway Tunnel in Canada -14723 mtrs/9.1 miles.
29. LOTSCHBERG TUNNEL: Railway Tunnel in Norway - 14612 mtrs/9.1 miles.
30. ROMERIKSPORTEN TUNNEL: Railway Tunnel in Norway - 14580 mtrs/9.1 miles.
31. DAYAOSHAN TUNNEL: Railway Tunnel in Nauling Mountains, China - 14294 mtrs/8.9 miles.
32. ARLBERG TUNNEL: Road Tunnel in the Alps in Austria - 13972 mtrs/8/7 miles.
33. HOKURIKU TUNNEL: Railway Tunnel - Japan - 13780 mtrs/8.6 miles.
34. FREJUS/MONT CENIS TUNNEL: Railway Tunnel in Alps, France and Italy.13636 mtrs/8.4 miles.
35. SHIN SHIMIZU TUNNEL : Railway Tunnel in Mikuni Mountains, Japan - 13500 mtrs/8.4 miles.
36. HEX RIVER TUNNEL: Railway Tunnel in South Africa - 13400 mtrs/8.3 miles.
37. SCILIAR TUNNEL: Railway Tunnel in Italy - 13519 mtrs/8.2 miles.