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AFGHANISTAN

CONTINENT:Asia
CAPITAL:KABUL
AREA: 647497 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LITERACY: About 40 per cent
POLITICAL STATUS: Islamic Republic
LANGUAGE: Pushto,Dari, Persian
POPULATION: 24 million
CURRENCY : Afghani
PARLIAMENT: Shora
MAJOR CITIES: Kandahar, Heart, Mazhar - i - sharif
BORDERS:Pakistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 34 deg 3'N, 69 deg 8'E
PRESIDENT: Ashraf Ghani
PRIME MINISTER: Abdullah Abdullah
BRIEF HISTORY:
A tribal oriented society, came under the control of Darius I of Persia around 500 BC, followed by Alexander the Great during 329-327 BC, followed by Mauryans,Parthians, Kushan Dynasty, Sassanids, and Turkish Tukuie rulers.
The Mohammedan ruling began in the 7th century with Md.Ghazni being the famous. It was followed by the famous Turkish Genghis Khan of the Timur Dynasty. In the 16th century Babur established Mughal empire. Then the Durrani Dynasty's Nadir Shah and Ahamed Shah ruled over this region until 1818.
In 1826, Dost Muhammad assumed as Emir of Afghanistan. British, at this point, appointed a lesser known person as Emir to gain control over Afghanistan, which Led to the I Anglo Afghan War. Dost Muhammad entered into a treaty with the British and continued until 1863. His son Sher Ali assumed as Emir.
In 1875,Russians occupied some areas on the banks of Amu Darya river. This resulted in the II Afghan war with Russians in 1878. Sher Ali died and his Successor Yakhub Khan ceded some areas to the Russians bringing an end to the War.
In 1880, Abd-ur-Rahman assumed as Emir, died in 1901 and his son Habibullah continued as Emir till 1919 when he was assassinated. Amanullah who succeeded Habibullah, made an attempt to invade India resulting in the III Afghan War, which ended by the Treaty of Rawalpindi with British. He was deposed in 1929 for pro-western activities.
Muhammad Nadir Khan took over and proclaimed himself as King Nadir Shah.He was assassinated in 1933 and his son Zahir Shah took over and continued until 1973 when he was ousted by a military leader Lt.Gen. Daud. Zahir Shah went into exile. Genl. Daud was deposed by a marxist leader in 1978.
In 1986, Genl. Najibullah became President. From then on started the Mujahiddeen" movement ( a tribal upraisal) against Soviet presence and another Force "Taliban" ( a fundamentalist students of Islam Organization), fighting for the control of the country. The fight and infight, which was the worst in the history of Afghanistan and the sub-continent, continued till 2002 when US intervention brought things under control.
In 2002, Hamid Karzai became the interim leader and in 2004 became the President through an election. The deposed King, Zahir Shah who was in exile also returned and the political system got stabilized.
Hamid Karzai, won the 2004 and 2009 presidential elections and continues to be the President as of November 2012..
Q1. How was Afghanistan known earlier?
Ariana, Bactria, Khorasan.
Q2. What was the political status of Afghanistan before 1973?
A monarchy ruled by Durrani Dynasty's Shah.
Q3. What does "Mujahiddeen" and "Taliban" mean?
Mujahiddeen - means Holy Warriors. Taliban - means Students of religion.
Q4. What is the important mountain range of Afghanistan and which is the highest mountain of them?
Hindkush ranges - Nowshak (Noshaq)is the highest mountain - 7492 mtrs above sea level.
Q5. What is the major river of Afghanistan?
Amur Darya.
Q6. Afghanistan is the world's largest producer of?
Opium. (Wool is another major produce)
Q7. Whose ruling of Afghanistan was known as Durrani's?
Nadir and Ahmed Shahs of 1810+.
Q8. Who became the first Emir of Afghanistan?
Dost Muhammad.
Q9. Between whom and for what reason, the I war of Afghanistan took place?
With the British, who replaced Dost Muhammad with a lesser known person as Emir Dost Muhammad waged a war with British to gain control over Afghanistan in 1826. The war ended with the Treaty of Rawalpindi.
Q10. What was the cause of II Afghan War?
Occupation of some areas on the banks of river Amur Darya in 1876 by the Russians. In this war, Sher Ali the Emir (son of Dost Muhammad) died and his successor Yakub Khan ceded some areas to the Russians which brought an end to the war.
Q11. What was the stand of Afghanistan during WWI and II?
Neutral
Q12. What are the names of the militant and fundamentalist organizations responsible for the political unrest in Afghanistan during the last quarter Of the 20th century?
Mujahiddeen and Taliban.
Q13. What are the countries bordering Afghanistan?
Pakistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and India.
Q14. What are the main languages of Afghanistan?
Pushto and Dari.
Q15. What is the importance of "Bahmiyan" a place in Afghanistan?
Situated on the ancient "Silk Route", it was the capital of Hephtalite Kingdom, cultural centre of Hazara ethnic group of people and once one of the most visited place in the world. It is here the huge Buddhist sculptures were damaged by the fundamentalist Taliban groups.
Q16. What is the national sport of Afghanistan?
BUZKAZHI - two teams of horsemen compete to throw a goat carcass into a scoring circle.
Q17. What is the currency of Afghanistan?
Afghani.
Q18. What is the name for the Parliament of Afghanistan?
Shora.

ALBANIA

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL:Tirana
AREA: 28748SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Christianity
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Lek
LANGUAGE: Albanian, Greek
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: App. 3 Million
BORDERS: Adriatic Sea, Greece, Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 41 deg 20'N, 19 deg 48'E
PRESIDENT: Bujar Nishani
PRIME MINISTER: Edi Rama
BRIEF HISTORY:
"The region was under Roman rule for six centuries. In 395 AD, the territories of the modern Albania was under Byzantine Empire. From 14/15th century it came under the Turkish Ottoman Empire. In 1912, attained its independence and by 1920 Became a republic.
"
In 1925 Ahmed Bey Zogu became the King of Albania and ruled until 1939 as a Dictator. Italy invaded Albania and the King fled the country. After WWII, gained independence with the Communist leader ENVER HOXA assuming power in 1944 and the country became a socialist republic in 1976.
The failure of Communism in the 1980s and 1990s and the death of Enver Hoxa, brought democracy in 1992.
In 1997, the country faced civil unrest due to the financial irregularities committed by the government led by Dr.Sali Berisha and it fell through elections. The unrest included lot of violence and fleeing of the people to neighbouring countries.

ALGERIA

CONTINENT:Africa
CAPITAL: Algiers
AREA: 2381741 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Arabic, Berber, French
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 31.5 million
LITERACY: 65 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: Dinar
MAJOR CITIES: Oran, Constantine, Annaba
BORDERS: Morocco, Mediterranean Sea, Tunisia, Niger, Mali, Mauritania
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION:36 deg 42'N, 3 deg 13' E
PRESIDENT: Abedelaziz Bouteflika
PRIME MINISTER: Abdelmalek Sallel
BRIEF HISTORY:
The earliest settlers were Berbers. Then the Romans controlled it upto 3rd century.After brief period of control by vandals, Byzantine and Rustanid Kingdom, it came Under the Ottomann's in 1518, when the present form of Algeria was formed.
In the 18th century it came under the French and remained as its colony until mid 20th century. After prolonged resistance, France granted independence in April 1962. From 1962 to 1999 the country was politically unstable and thereafter it has been peaceful and making a steady progress.
Q19. Before independence in 1962, Algeria was a colony of.......?
France.

ANDORRA

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Andora La Ville
AREA: 468 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Catalan, Spanish, French
POLITICAL STATUS: Co-principality
POPULATION: Nearly 84000
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Franc, Pesetta, Euro
BORDERS: France, Spain, Mediterranean Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION:42 deg 30' N, 1deg 31'E
PRIME MINISTER: Antoni Marti
BRIEF HISTORY:
Since 1278 AD it is a co-principality under the control of President of France and Bishop of Urgell, Catalonia, Spain and continues to be so even today. The country is not a member of the European Union.

ANGOLA

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Luanda
AREA: 1246999 SQKM
CURRENCY: Kwanza
RELIGION:Christianity, Tribal
LANGUAGE: Portuguese, Bantu
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: App.184 million
LITERACY:67 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Popular Assembly
MAJOR CITIES: Luando, Hwambo, Lubango
BORDERS: Zambia, Namibia, South Atlantic Ocean and D.R.Congo
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 8 deg 50'S, 13 deg 20' E
PRESIDENT:Jose Eduardo Dos Santos
VICE PRESIDENT: Manuel Vicente
BRIEF HISTORY:
After a series of tribal ruling, it became a Portugal colony in 1575 and remained so till its independence in 1975. There started the trouble. Factional war for power lasted for nearly 22 years till April 1997, resulting in huge loss of lives and property. The civil war came to an end through a peace plan called LUSAKA PROTOCOL. With the assistance of Portugal, Cuba and other organizations, the country is now on the path of development.
Angola is famous for?
A. 1. GEMSTONES: 10 per cent of world's gemstones are produced here. 2. Second largest producer of oil in the sub-sahara region.

ANTIGUA & BARBUDA

CONTINENT: North America
CAPITAL: St. John's
AREA: 442 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: English
POLITICAL STATUS: Independent
POPULATION: 86754
LITERACY: 90 per cent
LOCATION: Island nation on the Caribbean Sea (N.A.Ocean)
CURRENCY: EC Dollar
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 17 deg 7'N, 61 deg 51'W
CONSTITUTIONAL HEAD: Queen Elizabeth II
GOVERNOR GENERAL: Rodney Williams
PRIME MINISTER: Gaston Browne
BRIEF HISTORY:
It is a twin island country, with Antigua and Barbuda being the largest of some more islands forming part of this country.
An archipelago country discovered by Columbus in 1493 and named it as Antigua after a church in Spain. Tribal oriented population. British arrived here in 1632, colonized it and developed the place with huge sugar plantation estates. This attracted more European population to settle here.
Gained independence in 1981, and remains under the constitutional control of Queen Elizabeth II of UK.
Q20. What is the nickname of this country?
Land of 365 Beaches.

ARGENTINA

CONTINENT: South America
CAPITAL: Buenos Aires
AREA: 2766654 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION:40091359 (2010)
LITERACY: Near 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Congress
CURRENCY: Peso, Austral
MAJOR CITIES: Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Rosario, La Plata, Mendoza
BORDERS: Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, South Atlantic Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 34 deg 36'S, 58 deg 23'W
PRESIDENT: Mauricio Macri
VICE PRESIDENT: Gabriella Michetti
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was under the control of Inca Empire. In the 16th century, Spain colonized it and controlled it until 1816 when it became independent. From 1816 to 1972, it was a series of military governance. In 1983 civilian rule was introduced, but a stable political governance was eluding for various reasons. In 2003, Mr.Nestor Charles Kichener became President and continued till 2007. In 2007 his wife, Christina Fernandez de Kirchener became President and continuing.
Q21. Prior to becoming independent with the present territory, Argentina formed an union with couple of other countries. What was it called, what were the countries and what happened to the union?
Comprising of today's Chile, Paraguay and Argentina, an union of Vice royalty called Rio-de-la-plata was formed in early 19th century but failed to continue beyond 1810.
Q22. Argentina fought a major war with UK in the 2nd half of 20th century. What was it and for what reason?
FALKLAND WAR : in the late 1970s over the control of island of Falkland but was defeated in 1982.
Q23. Argentina is famous for which sport and who is the most famous personality in that sport?
Soccer (Football). Diego Maradona is the most famous person. Argentina is also very famous and world champions in Polo.
Q24. Argentina is the largest producer of?
TANNIN a chemical related to tannery industry.

ARMENIA

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Yeravan
AREA: 29743 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Armenian
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Dram
POPULATION:3262000
MAJOR CITIES: Yeravan, Kirovakan, Kumairi
BORDERS: Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Georgia, and Black Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 40 deg 11'N, 44 deg 31'E
PRESIDENT:Serzh Sargsyan
PRIME MINISTER: Hovik Abrahamyan
BRIEF HISTORY:
One of the oldest civilizations and perhaps the forerunner in embracing Christianity. After a series of ruling by Greeks, Romans, Persians, Byzantine, Mongols, Arabs, Ottoman Turks and Russians, it became independent in May 1918.
In November 1920 Russia annexed it again and retained it as part of USSR. In Septermber 1991, along with few other countries, Armenia got its independence. This country has got a border dispute with Azerbaizan which is a constant disturbance between them.
Q.25. What is the most unfortunate incident took place in the history of Armenia In 1915?
A. During the WWI, the Turks massacred nearly 1.5 millions of Armenians.
Q.26. Which country is Armenia's major ally?
Russia - operating a military base here under an agreement for 25 years from 1997.
Q.27. In which sporting events Armenia excels?
Weight Lifting, Wrestling, Gymnastics.

AUSTRALIA

CONTINENT: Own
CAPITAL: Canberra
AREA:7682300 sqkm
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: English & Aboriginal
POLITICAL STATUS: Independent Federal Republic.
POPULATION:22 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Australian Dollar
MAJOR CITIES: Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Canberra.
LOCATION: South Pacific Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 9 deg and 44 deg S and 112 deg and 154 deg E.
CONSTITUTIONAL HEAD: Queen Elizabeth II
GOVERNOR GENERAL: Sir Peter Cosgrove
PRIME MINISTER: Malcolm Turnbull
BRIEF HISTORY:
There are no recorded historical evidence of Australia prior to its discovery by Captain Cook in 1770. The history thereafter is divided into two as Pre 1901 and Post 1901.
PRE 1901: Captain Cook lands on the eastern coast of Australia in 1770 and called it as New South Wales. British established its settlement here on 26th January 1788 which day is observed as "National Day" every year. Later colonies to be established are:Tasmania - 1803; Western Australia - 1829; South Australia - 1836;Victoria - 1851; Queensland - 1859 and Northern Australia - 1863.
POST 1901: on 1.1.1901, all these establishments were united to form the Commonwealth of Australia under the Dominion of British Empire and continued to be so until 1931.
In 1931, under the Statute of the Westminster, UK, ended most of the Constitutional links between Britain and Australia. This was accepted by Australia in 1942. Australia Act of 1986 by UK, gave a finality to the Constitutional links and ended Judicial appeals to UK's Privy Council. Referendum in 1999, to establish a Republic in Australia failed and thus Queen Elizabeth II continues to be the Constitutional Head.
Q25. Who discovered Australia?
Captain Cook in 1770.
Q26. How is Australia also called?
"Land Down Under" and "Land of the Golden Fleece".
Q27. How the natives of Australia called?
Aborigines.
Q28. Who gave the name Australia?
1817 - MATHEW FLINDERS - a sailor who circumnavigated the island gave the name and Governor Lachelan McQuarie accepted the same on 21.12.1817.
Q29. How many states are there in Australia?
A. 8 - New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Tasmania, South Australia, Northern Australia, Canberra - Capital Territory.
Q30. What are the external territories of Australia?
Norfolk Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Cow's Islands, Kirimati (Christmas) Islands, Heard Islands, McDonald Islands and Australian Antarctic Territory.
Q31. Australia is the world's largest producer of?
Wool.
Q32. What is ANZAC day of Australia and when is it observed?
A day of remembrance of its war dead observed on 25th April every year.
Q33. What are all the sporting events in which Australia has excelled in the recent years?
Cricket, Tennis, Hockey, Rugby.
Q34. Who is the only Australian to appear on a postage stamp while alive?
Don Bradman, the Cricket legend.
Q35. Which Australian PM disappeared while swimming in the ocean of Port Sea, Victoria?
Harold Holt - December 1967. He was the 15th PM of Australia.
Q36. Which river flows through the city of Melbourne?
Yaara.
Q37. What is unique about the vehicle license plates by the State of Victoria?
It carries the motto - " The Golden State" or " The place to be".
Q38. How does the Australian call for "Hello"?
Good Day Mate.
Q39. What does "Canberra" mean?
Meeting place in Aboriginal language.
Q40. What does Australia mean in Latin?
Southern.

AUSTRIA

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Vienna
AREA: 83858 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: German
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 8.3 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Bundesversammlung - National Assembly.
CURRENCY: Shilling, Euro
MAJOR CITIES: Graz, Linz, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Vienna
BORDERS: Czech, Slovakia, Hungary, Lichenstein, Switzerland, Slovenia, Italy.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 48 deg 12'N, 16 deg 21'E
PRESIDENT:
CHANCELLOR: Christian Kern
BRIEF HISTORY:
One of the oldest country in the world, also comprised of Hungary. It was ruled by HABSBURG dynasty for almost 6.5 centuries, by various kings and queens. The Austria supporting " Central Powers " faced defeat in the WWI, when Austria and Hungary split into two countries. Thus the Austria of the present day came into existence in 1918.
In 1938, the Germans occupied Austria. Germany's Nazi rule massacred millions of Jews during their rule here. In the WWII the German Nazis were defeated and Austria got liberated. After WWII, Austria was divided into four allies and each Of the allies controlled them as per the "Allied Commission. This arrangement lasted for ten years. After becoming free of WWII allies control, Austria became A republic in July 1955 and from then on it has been smooth sailing politically.
Q41. What are the notable wars in the history of Austria?
1. The "Long War" from 1593 to 1606 between the ruling Habsburgs and the Turks.
2. War between 1672 - 1679 with the French.
3. War of Spanish Succession during 1701 to 1714 - 13 years between French, Austrian and Habsburgs for possession of the land. All these three wars together are called the "Thirty Years War".
Q42. How is Vienna, the capital is also called and for what reasons the city is famous for?
It is called as "Musical Capital of the World". The city houses a number of UN subsidiary organizations headquarters and thus called a "Mini UN".
Q43. What unique distinction Austria holds in the field of posts?
The first country to use post card.
Q44. Geographically what is unique about Austria?
65% of the land area is mountainous and 40% of the land area is covered by forests.
Q45. What is the highest mountain of Austria?
GROSS GLOCKENER - 12465 ft.
Q46. Austria's economy is mainly dependent on?
The country has rich mineral resources and thus mining is its major Economy.

AZERBAIJAN

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Baku
AREA: 86600 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Azeri, Turkish, Russian
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 9 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Manat
BORDERS: Caspian Sea, Iran, Armenia, Georgia, Russia.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION:40 deg 25'N, 49 deg 60'E
PRESIDENT: Ilham Aliyev
PRIME MINISTER: Artur Rasizade.
BRIEF HISTORY:
For long it was a tribal region and then it was under the control of USSR for over a century before becoming independent in December 1991.
Q. With which neighbouring country and for what reason Azerbaijan was having a soured and violent relationship?
A. Armenia - a border dispute over Nagarom-Karabakh region that lasted for nearly four years during 1990-1994.

BAHAMAS

CONTINENT: North America
CAPITAL: Nassau (Providence Island)
AREA: 13939 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: English
POLITICAL STATUS: Independent
POPULATION: 330000
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: General Assembly
CURRENCY: Bahamian Dollar
LOCATION: Archipelago - North Atlantic Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 25 deg 4'N, 77 deg 20'W
CONSTITUTIONAL HEAD: Queen Elizabeth II
GOVERNOR GENERAL: Marguerite Pindling
PRIME MINISTER: Perry Christie
BRIEF HISTORY:
An archipelago of about 700 islands, of which about 30 are only inhabited. Lies on The North Atlantic ocean - east coast of Florida, US. Discovered by Columbus in 1492. Became a British colony in 1717, attained independence in 1964 and continues to be under the constitutional governance of UK. Tourism and Fishing is the major source of economy.

BAHRAIN

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Manama
AREA: 669 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Arabic, English
POLITICAL STATUS: Monarchy
POPULATION: 807000
LITERACY: 85 per cent
CURRENCY: Dinar
BORDERS: Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Iran, Iraq
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 26 deg 13'N, 50 deg 35'E
KING: Hamad Ibn Isa Al Khalifa
PRIME MINISTER: Khalifa Ibn Salman Al Khalifa
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was the centre of Dilmur civilization, of 5000 years old. Islam arrived here in the 7th century. It was under the Mongols for sometime, then under the Portuguese till 17th century . Then the Persian ruler Shah Abbas I took over and installed the 'Saffavid' dynasty empire. In 1783, Al Khalifa tribe took over and ruled until mid 19th century when British colonised it. Attained independence on 15.8.1971 and the rule of Al Khalifa restored.
Q47. Where is Bahrain located?
On the Arabian Gulf with 33 islands. Bahrain is the largest of the islands and the country is known by this name.
Q48. Which ancient civilization is attached to this country and region?
Dilmur civilization - 5000 years old.
Q49. What are the main economy source of Bahrain?
Oil and International Banking. Economically sound.
Q50. Which dynasty is ruling Bahrain?
Al Khalifa
Q51. What is the name of the Bridge under construction to connect it to Qatar?
Friendship Bridge.
Q52. What is the name of the bridge connecting Bahrain with Saudi Arabia?
Fahd Causeway.

BANGLADESH

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Dhaka
AREA: 148393 SQKM
RELIGION: Hindu, Islam,Christianity
LANGUAGE: Bengali, Chakma, Magh
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION:164.5 Million
LITERACY: 60 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Jatiya Sangshad
CURRENCY: Taka
MAJOR CITIES: Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna
BORDERS: Bay of Bengal, India, Myanmar, Bhutan.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 23 deg 42N, 90 deg 21'E
PRESIDENT: Abdul Hamid
PRIME MINISTER: Sheikh Hasina Wajed
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was part of Pakistan until 1971, as East Pakistan, a region carved out of the erstwhile British Bengal Province (India) during Bengal Partition and went over to Pakistan during independence. Became Bangladesh upon liberation from Pakistan.
In 1971, the Awami League Party led by Sheikh Mujibur Rehman won all the Assembly seats from East Pakistan and demanded to share the power at the Centre. The refusal and oppressive action taken by the military ruler Gen.Yahya Khan resulted in large scale civil disobedience and war, prompted India to Intervene and liberate East Pakistan. Thus Bangladesh was born on 16.12.1971.Sheikh Mujibur Rehman became the first Prime Minister.
In January 1975, Presidential form of government was introduced and Sheikh Mujibur Rehman became the first President. In August 1975, Sheikh Mujibur Rehman was assassinated and Gen.Zia ur Rehman took over as military ruler. In June 1978, Gen. Zia Ur Rehman became the President through elections.In May 1981Gen. Zia Ur Rehman was assassinated .
In March 1982, Gen. Ershad took over as military ruler in a bloodless coup and ruled until December 1990 when he was deposed in a civil unrest.
In 1991, Begum Khaleda Zia became the President and in 1996, she was replaced by Sheikh Hasina Wazed. In 2001, Begum Khaleda Zia became President and in 2007 her government was ousted by public demand to be replaced by a caretaker government.
In December 2008 a general election was conducted in which Sheikh Hasina Wazed was elected to become the Prime Minister in January 2009 and continuing.
Q53. How Bangladesh was known earlier?
East Pakistan
Q54. Which women Prime Minister of Bangladesh is the daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rehman the founder of Bangladesh?
Sheikh Hasina Wazed
Q55. As an Islamic Republic, what is the position of Bangladesh?
Second largest Islamic Republic country in the world.
Q56. In the 1990s, which militant outfit was fighting for autonomy for the Chakma Hill regions?
SHANTI BAHINI - the movement fizzled out during 1998.
Q57. Which region of Bangladesh has the large concentration of Chakma tribals?
Chittagong. (It is also the principal port of Bangladesh)
Q58. How the capital city Dhaka also known?
" City of Mosques " - the city has more than 2000 mosques and the country has more than 2 lakh mosques.
Q59. What was the name of the organization which spearheaded the independence movement of Bangladesh?
Awami League.
Q60. What was the military code name for the military operations of India in liberating Bangladesh?
Operation Jackpot.
Q61. Who was PM of India to help in liberating Bangladesh?
Smt.Indira Gandhi
Q62. On which date the Pakistani forces surrendered to the Indian Military Force to give independence to Bangladesh?
16.12.1971.
Q63. How is river Ganges known in Bangladesh?
Jamuna
Q64. He was called the "Poet of Politics" by Time Magazine. Who is that Bangladeshi Politician?
Sheikh Mujibur Rehman.

BARBADOS

CONTINENT: North America
CAPITAL: Bridge Town
AREA; 430 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE; English
POLITICAL STATUS: Independent
POPULATION: 280900
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY; Dollar
LOCATION: North Atlantic Ocean
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 13 deg 0'N, 59 deg 32'W.
CONSTITUTIONAL HEAD: Queen Elizabeth II
GOVERNOR GENERAL: Elliott Belgrave
PRIME MINISTER: Fruendel Stuart
BRIEF HISTORY:
An uninhabited island in North Atlantic Ocean until 1620s when it was discovered and occupied by the British. Finding the conditions suitable for sugar plantations the Britishers developed sugarcane plantations by bringing in African slaves.Thus the settlers here are Africans and Europeans.
In the 1930s, the struggle for freedom began and internal autonomy was granted In 1961. Became independent on 30.11.1966 within the Commonwealth of Nations,United Kingdom. Agriculture and tourism are the major source of economy.
Q65. What are the rare species of animals found here in Barbados?
Green Monkey and Red Footed Tortoise.
Q66. The people and the language of this country are called?
Bhajans.

BELARUS

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Minsk
AREA: 2076000 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Belorussian, Russian.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 9.6 million
LITERACY: Near 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Ruble
MAJOR CITIES: Gomel, Vitebsk, Minsk
BORDERS: Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Russia
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION:53 deg 55'N, 27 deg 33'E.
PRESIDENT: Alaxander Lukashenko
PRIME MINISTER: Andre Kobiyakov 
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was part of the Russian Empire of the Tsars from 1795. Thereafter it was within the USSR as Bylorussian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1919. During WWII the region suffered heavy damages and casualities. On 27.7.1990 declared its independence from USSR and became a Republic on 25.8.1991.

BELGIUM

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Brussels
AREA: 30521 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: French, German, Flemish
POLITICAL STATUS: Kingdom
POPULATION: 10.8 Million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Euro, Franc
MAJOR CITIES: Brussels,Antwerp, Ghent
BORDERS: Germany, Netherlands, France
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 50 deg 51'N, 4 deg 21'E
KING: Philippe
PRIME MINISTER: Charles Michell
BRIEF HISTORY:
The earliest inhabitants were "Belgae" tribe. After Roman, Spanish, Hapsburgs,French Empire rulings, the country came under the UK and ruled by Netherlands.the initiative for independence began with the Belgian Revolution in 1830.
In 1831 it became an independent constitutional monarchy and Leopold of Saxe-Coburg became the King on 21st July 1831. (July 21st is a National Holiday of Belgium). In 1914 Germany invaded and occupied Belgium. But, when Germany was defeated in WWI, normalcy was restored in Belgium. In May 1940 Germany invaded Belgium again. In 1944, through the efforts of Britain, Canada, Australia and American joint forces, Belgium got liberated.Upon liberation King Leopold's son Bandouin was made the successor. Language problems made it into a federal state from 1993.
Q67. The City of Antwerp is famous for?
World's largest diamond trading centre.
Q68. The City of Brussels has the headquarters of?
European Community.
Q69. With regard to human life and relationship, what special thing Belgium has done?
1.Ethuanasia - mercy killing is permitted. 2. Gay Marriage - same sex marriage.
Q70. Belgium attained independence from which country?
Netherlands in 1830.

BELIZE

CONTINENT: North America
CAPITAL: Belmopan
AREA: 22965 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Spanish, English
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 3.3 Lacs
LITERACY: 95 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: Dollar
MAJOR CITIES: Belmopan, Belize, Orange Walk.
BORDERS: Mexico, Guatemala, Caribbean Sea
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 17 deg 15'N, 88 deg 46'W
CONSTITUTIONAL HEAD: Queen Elizabeth II
GOVERNOR GENERAL: Sir Colville Young
PRIME MINISTER: Dean Barrow.
BRIEF HISTORY:
History of Belize can be traced back to thousands of years, with the Maya civilization spreading here between 16th century BC to 4th Century AD. European occupation began in the 16th century AD but permanent settlement began in the mid 17th century, first by Spanish and later by the British. In 1862, it was colonized by the British. Became independent in September 1981.

BENIN

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Porto Novo
AREA: 112622 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Christianity
LANGUAGE: French, Fon, Yoruba
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 8.8 million
LITERACY: 55 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Revolutionary Assembly
CURRENCY: Franc CFA
MAJOR CITIES: Cotonov, Parakau, Porto Novo
BORDERS: Nigeria, Niger, Togo, South Atlantic Ocean
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 6 deg 26'N, 2 deg 36'E
PRESIDENT: Patrice Talon 
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was the seat of one of the great medieval African Kingdoms called DAHOMEY, governed from ABOMEY - now a UNESCO declared world heritage site.
The indigenous EDO people were ruled by local tribal chieftains. By 15th century it came under a single ruler called OBA.
France colonized it in early 19th century and kept it as an overseas territory. In December 1958 it became a republic "du Dahomey" within the French community.On 1.8.1960 it was given full independence and Herbert Moga became the first President. Thereafter it was a case of political instability due to the Marxism-Leninism domination. However, in 1990 both these ideologies were abolished and the country turned to democracy. Barring some political maneuvering the political situation was peaceful with regular elections. The 2006 elections in which Yayi Boni was elected as President, is considered by the international community as the most fair and free elections in an African country.

BHUTAN

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Thimpu
AREA: 38816 SQKM
RELIGION: Buddhism, Hinduism
LANGUAGE: Lhotsam, Dzongka, English, Assamese
POLITICAL STATUS: Kingdom
POPULATION: 691141 (2009)
LITERACY: 60 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Tshogdu
CURRENCY: Ngultrum = Indian Rupee
BORDERS: Bangladesh, India, China, Nepal
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 27 deg 28' N, 89 deg 38.5' E
KING: Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuk
PRIME MINISTER: Tshering Tobgay
BRIEF HISTORY:
Lying in the Himalayas, external influence did not reach this territory. Thus it was a tribal area in groups, warring between each other. SHABDRUNG NGAWANG NAMGYAL a Tibetan Lama and military leader arrived here in 1616, unified the groups and became their leader. Upon his death, the factional difference arose again and continued so for couple of centuries. In 1885, Ugyen Wangchuk ascended and took control of the tribe and the region. He failed in an attempt to annexe Cooch Behar (Indian territory) which was resisted by the British. Wangchuk entered into a friendship treaty with British and established himself as the Monarch.
Thus came the Wangchuk dynasty rule in Bhutan and continuing as of 2011. India acts as the foreign relations advisor under an agreement. Tourism is the major source of economy.
Q71. How is Bhutal also known?
Land of the Thunder Dragon.

BOLIVIA

CONTINENT: South America
CAPITAL: La Paz
AREA: 1098581 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Spanish, Quechua, Aymara
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 10.9 million
LITERACY: 92 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Congress
CURRENCY: Boliviano, Dollar
MAJOR CITIES: La Paz, Santa Cruz, Potosi
BORDERS: Chile, Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 16.172 deg S, 64.666 deg W.
PRESIDENT; Evo Morales
BRIEF HISTORY:
Belonged to the Inca Empire. Spanish conquered it in 1534. Attained independence In 1809 and became a republic in 1925. Until the end of 20th century it was a case of political instability due to coups, counter coups and political misunderstanding. In 2005, a native Bolivian EVO MORALES won the elections and heads the Government. Presently peaceful politically.
Q72. Bolivia is named after?
SIMON BOLIVAR - the South American freedom fighter.
Q73. Which lake in Bolivia - Peru border is the highest lake in the world?
Lake Titicaca.

BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Sarajevo
AREA:51209 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Islam
LANGUAGE: Serb, Croatian
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 3.8 million
LITERACY: 90 per cent
CURRENCY: Convertible Mark
MAJOR CITIES: Sarajevo, Banjaluka, Tuzla, Mustar.
BORDERS: Slovenia, Croatia, San Marino, Albania, Serbia, Monte Negro.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 43 degree 52'N, 18 degree 25'N.
HIGH REPRESENTATIVE: Valentin Inzko
PRIME MINISTER: Denis Zvizdic 
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was formerly in the Yugoslav Republic. In its early history it was under Romans, Byzantines and then came under the Turks in the 15th century and remained so till mid 19th century. Due to widespread public discontentment and upraisal, the Turks ceded the territory to Austria and Hungary through Treaty of Paris, 1878.
Annexing of this territory by Austria and Hungary and the killing of Archduke Ferdinand, by a Serbian youth, led to the outbreak for WWI.
Then it came under the kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. When Yugoslavia was conquered by the German Nazis in WWI, the territory of Bosnia was ceded to Croatia, the German ally.
Led by Josep Broz Tito, resisted the Nazi domination, and established "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia with Bosnia-Herzegovina as one of its constituent member country in 1943.
By 1992, Bosnia and Herzegovina, with Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian mix of population region attained independence from Yugoslavia. However, Serbia and Croatia leaders on a secret understanding wanted to take over this region and share it among themselves with respective populated regions. For this the Yugoslavian support was also extended. Thus, this group, in a systematic manner started eliminating Bosnians civilians and capturing territories. However, the Bosnians to their best resisted the onslaught. Nearly 1.1 million Bosnians and ethnic Bosnian muslims were massacred by the Serbs and Croats.
The international community led by USA and UK, France and Germany together attacked Serbians and UN also threatened sanctions and arrest of Serbian leader. Upon the Serbian and Croatian governments succumbed to the pressure and signed a peace agreement called 'DAYTON AGREEMENT". Now the country is politically peaceful.
According to the agreement, the territory of Bosnia-Herzegovina was retained with the Government headed by all the three leaders of the ethnic groups. The Government is managed by three Presidential Members and a Prime Minister.

BOTSWANA

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Gaborone
AREA: 581730 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: English, Setswana, Sishona
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 2 Million
LITERACY: 70 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: Pula
MAJOR CITIES: Gaborone, Francis Town, Labatse.
BORDERS: Namibia, S.Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 25 deg 40'S, 25 deg 55'E
PRESIDENT: Ian Khama
BRIEF HISTORY:
Tribal oriented governance until it came under British protection in 1885. In 1910, when Union of South Africa was formed, Botswana was not included for apartheid reasons by the Government that prevailed then in South Africa.
In 1934, Tribal ruling was granted and in 1964, democratic self government was granted. On 30.9.1966 full independence was accorded and it came to be known as BOTSWAN Politically peaceful and economically progressing very fast.
Q74. What is the major health concern of Botswana?
High rate of HIV+ population.

BRAZIL

CONTINENT: South America
CAPITAL: Brasilia
AREA: 8511965 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Portuguese
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 190 Million
LITERACY: 90 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Congress
CURRENCY: Real, Cruzado
MAJOR CITIES: Brasilia, Sao Paulo, Rio-de-Janeiro, Recife, Salvadore, Belo Horizonte
BORDERS: Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Columbia, Venezeula, French Guyana, Suriname, Guyana
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 15 deg 46'S, 47 deg 57'W
PRESIDENT: Michell Temer 
BRIEF HISTORY:
Basically a tribal settlement. In 1532, Portuguese arrived here and settled down till it was given independence in September 1822, that is nearly three centuries of Portuguese rule.
In September 1822, Empire of Brazil, a constitutional monarchy was established with Dom Pedro I as its King. A military coup in 1889 brought in democratic republic rule excepting for a few spells of military rule between 1930-34, 1937-45 and 1965-85. From 1985 onwards civilian rule continued despite political and other problems. As of 2011 Dilma Rousseff is the President.
Q75. What was Brazil's earlier capital and who founded it?
Rio de Janeiro - Portuguese founded the city in March 1565. In 1960-61, Brasilia was built and made its capital.
Q76. What are the world's largest agricultural produce of Brazil?
Coffee and flue cured tobacco.
Q77. Brazil is the only source of which high grade mineral in the world?
Crystal.
Q78. In which sports, Brazil is top ranked in the world?
Soccer - football - won 5 world cups.
Q79. What is the name of the legendary football player of Brazil who is regarded as a national property?
Pele - full name : Edison Arantes do Nascimento.
Q80. What is the famous dance form of Brazil?
Samba.
Q81. Where in Brazil the famous statue of "Christ the Redeemer" - a world wonder, is located?
Corcovado mountain/park, Tijuca forest, Rio de Janeiro. The statue is 39.6 mtrs/130 feet tall. 39.6 mtrs/130 feet tall.

BRUNEI

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Benderseri Begawan
AREA: 5765 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Malay, English, Chinese
POLITICAL STATUS: Sultanate-Kingdom
POPULATION:395000
LITERACY: 90 per cent
CURRENCY: Dollar
BORDERS: Malaysia, South China Sea, Indian Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 4 deg 53.417'N, 114 deg 56.533'E
KING: Hassanal Bolkiah
CROWN PRINCE: Al Muhtadee Billah
BRIEF HISTORY:
In its early history, it was ruled by Sumatran Empire and Majapahit Empire. Then, it became its own Brunei Empire and prospered well during its early rulers BOLKIAH and HASSAN.
Around the 17th century the country was facing a decline and British offered help.Thus British came to control Brunei's external affairs, while allowing its own Independence in administration from 1888.
In 1906 executive powers were transferred to British and remained so until 31.12.1983. Became full independent on 1.1.1984.
Q82. How was Brunei called earlier?
Negara Brunei Darussalam (in Malay)
Q83. Where is the location of Brunei?
Lies on the Borneo Island and lies between Sabah and Sarawak provinces of Malaysia.
Q84. What does "Seri Begawan" mean?
It is the royal title and thus the capital has been named as Bunder Seri Begawan.
Q85. What is the major economy source of Brunei?
Oil from "Ampa" oil field.
Q86. What distinction the Sultan of Brunei has/had?
One of the world's richest person. He was once the richest person in the world.

BULGARIA

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Sofia
AREA: 110912 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Islam
LANGUAGE: Bulgarian, Turkish
POLITIAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION:7.57 Million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Lev
PARLIAMENT: Narodna Subrania - National Assembly
BORDERS; Black Sea, Turkey, Greece, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 42 deg 41'N, 23 deg 19'E
PRESIDENT: Rosen Pleneliev
PRIME MINISTER: Boyko Borisov 
BRIEF HISTORY:
Had its own empire until 1018. Byzantines ruled from 1018 to 1185. Ottomann's of Turkey rulled from 1396 to 1792. From 1760s the independence struggle began to be achieved only only in 1878 with Russian assistance. Thus the communist influence in governance continued thereafter till 1996. In 1997 the democratic forces came to power.
Q87. In which sports, Bulgaria is famous for?
Weight Lifting - its national sport, and also in wrestling.

BURKINO FASO

CONTINENET: Africa
CAPITAL: Ouagadougou
AREA: 274200 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Tribal
LANGUAGE: French, Sudanic Tribal
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION:15.7 million
LITERACY: 40 per cent
CURRENCY: Franc CFA
MAJOR CITIES: Ouagadou, Koudougou, Bonfora
BORDERS: Mali, Ivory Coast, Niger, Benin, Togo, Ghana
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 12 deg 20'N, 1 deg 40'W
PRESIDENT: Roch Marc Christian Kabore 
PRIME MINISTER: Paul Kaba Theiba 
BRIEF HISTORY:
A land locked tribal oriented country until 1896 when it became a French protectorate and was integrated as French West Africa in 1904. It was originally administered as part of Ivory Coast colony and then became a separate French Colony in 1919.
On 11th December 1958 attained self governance and became a republic and a member of the French African community. Full independence was accorded by the French in 1960.
Thereafter it is a series of coups and instability. However, from 2001 onwards some Political stability has been achieved and the country is peaceful as of 2011.

BURUNDI

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Bujumbura
AREA: 27834 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Tribal
LANGUAGE: French, Kirundi
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 8.9 million
LITERACY: 50 per cent
CURRENCY: Franc
BORDERS: Tanzania, Rwanda, Republic of Congo
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION; 3 deg 30'S, 30 deg 0' E
PRESIDENT: Pierre Nkurunziza
BRIEF HISTORY:
For centuries, it remained a tribal region. In 1916, during WWI, Belgium conquered this region. In 1923, the region comprising Ruanda-Urundi (the modern day Rwanda and Burundi) was mandated to Belgium, through the League of Nations.Following WWII, Ruanda-Urundi became UN's Trust Territory under Belgian Administrative Authority.
On 1.7.1962, the country became independent. Thereafter it was a total political chaos with coups after coups and internal tribal rivalry between HUTU and TUTSI Tribals. In 2003, some sort of power sharing peace agreement brought some peace and political stability to the country.

CAMBODIA

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Phnon Penh
AREA: 181035 SQKM
RELIGION: Buddhism
LANGUAGE: Khmer, French
POLITICAL STATUS: Monarchy - Kingdom
POPULATION: 14.8 million
LITERACY: 75 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: Riel
MAJOR CITIES: Phnon Penh, Battam Bag, Kampong Chan
BORDERS: Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Gulf of Thailand.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 11 deg 33'N, 104 deg 55'E
KING: Naradom Sihamoni
PRIME MINISTER: Hun Sen
BRIEF HISTORY:
The earliest known Kingdoms are Funan, Khmer and Khambuja. Then came the Angkorian monarchy which lasted upto 1431. In between Jayavarman II (of India) ruled this region between 1181 to 1218.
When the Angkorian rule started declining, Spanish and Portuguese started occupation and expansion. King Nordom , in 1863, sought the help of France which gradually led to full colonization by the French. In 1953 attained full independence from the French.
North Vietnam was operating a military base here. This caused concern to US and South Vietnam. Thus, US entered here and tried to evict North Vietnam. The war lasted for 14 months.
In the 1960s, opposition grew within Communists called Khmer Rogue. From then on and until 1990s, for nearly 30 years, it was complete chaos, bloodshed, huge casualities with Chinese, Russians joining the blood party.
Q88. The name "Cambodia" is derived from?
Khambuja Kingdom
Q89. Who was the famous Indian ruler who ruled this country and what was his famous contribution?
JAYAVARMAN II - between 1181 to 1218. The ANGKORVAT temple a World Heritage Site, for its architectural beauty was built during his rule in the 13th century.
Q90. How was Cambodia known earlier?
Kampuchea. It was also called as "Khmer Republic" between 1970 and May 1975.
Q91. Whose regime in Cambodia saw the death of about 3 million people?
POT POT between 1975 and 1978.

CAMEROON

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Yaoonde
AREA: 475442 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Christianity
LANGUAGE: French, English
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 19.1 million
LITERACY: 75 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: Franc CFA
MAJOR CITIES: Douala, Bafoussam, Yaoounde
BORDERS: Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Chad, Niger.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION; 3 deg 52'N, 11 deg 31'E
PRESIDENT: Paul Biya
PRIME MINISTER: Philemon Yang.
BRIEF HISTORY:
Tribal population. The earliest known kingdom was "Mandara". In the late 18th century, the Fulani, a pastoral Islamic people conquered, subjugated and displaced its largely non muslim people. In 1854, it became a German colony and was called KAMERUN. After WWI, under the League of Nations mandate, it came under the French rule in July 1919.
Attained independence in 1960, and Ahamadou Ahidjo became the first President. His unpopular rule, paved the way for Paul Biya to take over as President and Continues, from 1982.

CANADA

CONTINENT: North America
CAPITAL: Ottawa
AREA: 9976139 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: English, French
POLITICAL STATUS: Federal Republic
POPULATION: 34.36 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: House of Commons and Senate
CURRENCY: Dollar
MAJOR CITIES: Toronto, Montreal, Vancouer, Edmonton, Ottawa
BORDERS: USA, Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean, Bering Sea
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 45 deg 24'N, 75 deg 40'W
CONSTITUTIONAL HEAD: Queen Elizabeth II
GOVERNOR GENERAL: David Johnsonston
PRIME MINISTER: Justin Trudeau 
BRIEF HISTORY:
Until the end of 15th century it remained a tribal set up. Beginning 16th century, the British and the French arrived here. Both fought for a century for territorial control. Finally the British won over and established their colony by early 18th Century.
By this time, the Americans, winning over the British in their territory through American Revolution, attempted twice to establish their control over Canada in 1775 and 1812 but failed. Thus British established their control over Canada and remains so constitutionally.
Q92. Areawise, Canada is......?
Second largest in the world.
Q93. What is unique about Canada's hydrosphere capacity?
Canada has more than 50% of world's lakes and have more than 50% of the world's surface fresh water. 70% of its power need is met through hydro electric projets. Also half of its land area is covered by forests.
Q94. Canada is the largest.......?
1. Producer of Newspaper (raw material) 2. First mineral exports 3. Largest producer of Zinc, Potash, Uranium and Nickel.
Q95. Which part of Canada is an earmarked territory for the Eskimos?
Nunavat.
Q96. Which state/province of Canada does not observe the "day light saving time" as has been the practice in Americas and some European countries?
Sasketchewan.

CAPE VERDE

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Praia
AREA: 4033 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Portuguese, Crioulo
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 567000
LITERACY: 75 per cent
PARLIAMENT: People's National Assembly
CURRENCY: Escudo
LOCATION: An archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean 600 Kms off Senegal.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 14 degree 55'N, 23 degree 31'W
PRESIDENT:Jorge Carlos Fonseca
PRIME MINISTER: Ulisses Correra e Silva 
BRIEF HISTORY:
Uninhabited until 1456 when Portuguese arrived and established their colony.It was the centre of tribal/slave trade. Became independent on 5.7.1975. Has been politically peaceful.

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Bangui
AREA: 622984 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Christianity
LANGUAGE: French, Sangho
POPULATION: 4.4 million
LITERACY: 65 per cent
CURRENCY: Franch CFA
BORDERS: Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, DR Congo, Congo
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 4 deg 22'N, 18 deg 35'W
PRESIDENT: Faustin Archange Touadera 
PRIME MINISTER: Simplice Sarandji 
BRIEF HISTORY:
A tribal region seem to have been uninhabited since 7th century and ruled by different tribal chieftains. In 1875, Sudanese Sultan was ruling this region.Among French, German and Belgians who arrived here, French consolidated their position and established colonial administration and by 1910, it became French Federation of Equatorial Area.
In December 1958, independence was obtained. Thereafter the political scene has not been peaceful until 2003. In 2003, France supported Francois Bozize who took over and the country is having somewhat peaceful political situation.

CHAD

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: N'Dajamena
AREA:1284000 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Christianity
LANGUAGE: Arabic, French
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 10.03 million
LITERACY: 55 per cent
CURRENCY: Franc CFA
MAJOR CITIES: N'Djamena, Sarh, Mondou
BORDERS: Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, CA Republic, Sudan, Libya
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 12 deg 06'N, 16 deg 02'E
PRESIDENT:Idriss Deby
PRIME MINISTER: Albert Pahimi Padacke 
BRIEF HISTORY:
Its early rulers were Kanem Bornu, Gaguiridi and Quddai Kingdoms. In 1892, France entered here and by 1905 established full control and in 1920 it became a French colony. After the WWII, when the French Equatorial Africa was dissolved, Chad became independent, on August 11, 1960. Upto 1975, sailed smoothly despite a kind of dictatorship ruling. Thereafter coup after coup brought Idris Deby as President in 1991 and continues.
Q97. How was N'Djamena the Capital city was known earlier?
Fort Lamy.

CHILE

CONTINENT: S.America
CAPITAL: Santiago
AREA: 756626 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Spanish
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 17 million
LITERACY: 95 per cent
CURRENCY: Peso
MAJOR CITIES: Santiago, Valparaiso, Anto Fagasta
BORDERS: Argentian, Bolivia, Peru, South Pacific Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 33 deg 26'S, 70 deg 40'W
PRESIDENT: Michelle Bachellet
BRIEF HISTORY:
First person to sight Chile was Ferdinand Magellan in 1521. However, the honour of discovering Chile is attributed to Diego De Almagro who landed here in 1537, but returned unsatisfied with the conditions.
It was Pedro Da Valdivia who arrived here with some people, subdued the locals and established the town Santiago in 1542. Thus, by 18th century Spain established full control over the region. Became independent on 12.12.1818. The administration was run by Catholics until 1886, when Jose Manuel Balmacede became President and attempted dictatorship. This led to a civil war in 1891. Balmacede was defeated and Jorge Moutt became President.After Jorge Moutt, the country went into political chaos with coups after coups until 1980s. Thereafter some peace, with periodic smooth elections restored.
Q98. What is the famous desert in Chile?
ATACAMA - extremely dry desert.
Q99. What is geographically unique about the location of Chile?
It is a razor thin country covering more than 50% of western coast line of South America.

CHINA

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Beijing
AREA: 9561000 SQKM
RELIGION: Buddhism, Confucianism
LANGUAGE: Chinese Mandarin
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION:133671800
LITERACY: 85 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Yuan - National Assembly
CURRENCY: Renminbi - Yuan
MAJOR CITIES: Beijing, Shanghai, Canton, Shenizhen
BORDERS: India, Nepal, Bhutan, North Korea, Vietnam, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan,Russia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Laos, Tajikistan.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 39 deg 55'N, 116 deg 23'E
CPC GENERAL SECRETARY: Xi Jinping.
PRESIDENT: Xi Jinping
PREMIER: Le Keqiang.
BRIEF HISTORY:
One of the oldest civilizations in the world. The earliest known dynasties that ruled this part of the region were Zhou, Qin, Ming, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Qing dynasties.Frustrated over the Qing dynasty rulings, a revolutionary military upraisal began on 10th October 1911, and lasted for 21 years. On March 12, 1912, a provisional Government of Republic of China was formed and Sun Yat Sen became the President. In 1916, he was forced to hand over powers to the PM Yuan Shikai who continued as President until his death in 1920.
In 1920, Sun Yat Sen came back as President and remained in power until his death in 1925. In 1925 Chiang Kai Shek took over and continued till 1934-35 when Communist leader Mao Tse Tung became President who continued upto 1976.During his tenure one of his deputies was Zhou en Lai who succeeded Mao Tse Tung. Thus Communism came to stay in China and continues even today. China is the only major country to have communism still reigning. Thereafter the country continues to be governed by Communist rulers following its own political protocol.
Q100. What are the geographical advantages of China?
1. Third largest in area. 2. Most populated in the world. 3. Three great river systems provide water for the lands. Eastern half of China is the best watered lands in the world. 4. Two third of the country is mountainous.
Q101. What is the infamous incident in 1989 that is being talked about by Human Rights Activists even today?
TIANAN MEN SQUARE INCIDENT: 3-5th June 1989 - when students' upraisal for political reforms was put down by the Government with an iron hand resulting in large scale death and injury to people, specially the students.
Q102. What is the name of the infamous religious sect/practice, banned from practicing that religion?
FALUN GONG - founded by Li Hongzhi in 1992.
Q103. What is the external territory of China, which is autonomous, but has been in news in the recent past due to Chinese reprisal activities?
Tibet
Q104. Which river of China is called "China's Sorrow"?
Hwang Ho
Q105. What is China's distinction with reference to United Nations?
It is the only Asian country to be a permanent member of Security Council.
Q106. What is the famous landmark World Heritage Site in China?
GREAT WALL OF CHINA: Northern China - built between 220-206 BC - Built by emperor Qin Shi Huang and Ming Dynasty - it is total length is - 8851.8 Kms of which the actual wall is 6259.6 Kms.
Q107. What is the world's largest dam built in China?
THREE GORGES: built across Yang Tze River.
Q108. What is the ancient name for China?
Cathay
Q109. In which year People's Republic of China was proclaimed?
1949
Q110. Who was the first mythological emperor of China?
Yellow emperor.
Q111. What is the name of the residential compound where most of China's Senior leaders live?
Zhongnanhai
Q112. Between 1958-1962 China decided to eliminate four creatures/pests. What are they?
Rats, Flies, Mosquitoes and Sparrow.
Q113. What are the external territories of China?
HONG KONG: Capital - Victoria;
Area: 1104 SQKM - Language - Cantonese, English;
Location: Archipelago in South China Sea with about 200 islets.
Chief Executive: Donald Tsang. The island was ceded to the British in 1842 under the "Treaty of Nanking" And remained so till 1997 and when it was ceded back to China and remains an autonomous region. It is the largest transshipment port in the world.
MACAO: Area - 15.5 SQKM;
Religion: Confucianism; Language: Cantonese and Portuguese.
Chief Executive: Fernanda Chui Sin On. It was a Portuguese territory and came back to China's control on 20.12.1999. It is a Special Administrative Territory of China and allowed to be autonomous. The city is famous for notorious for infamous activities.

COLOMBIA

CONTINENT: South America
CAPITAL: Bogota
AREA: 1139000 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Spanish
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 44 Million
LITERACY: 90 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Congress
CURRENCY: Peso
BORDERS: Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Venezeula, Panama, North Atlantic Ocean
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 4 deg 39'E, 74 deg 3'E
PRESIDENT: Juan Manuel Santos
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was discovered by Alenso de Ojeda. Spanish arrived herein 1525 and established their colony. Became independent in 1819 and a Republic in 1886. Until 1953 it was politically peaceful. Thereafter for two decades there was some political instability due to powerful drug mafia groups. However, peaceful political atmosphere restored in the early 1990s.
Q114. The country is named after?
Christopher Columbus the famous navigatore/explorer.
Q115. What major infamous activity was the cause of political instability in Colombia during mid 1990s?
Drug Trafficking.
Q116. Colombia is the largest producer of?
Mild Coffee. The country is also the largest producer of emeralds.

COMOROS

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Moroni
AREA: 1862 SQKM
RELIGION; Islam, Christianity.
LANGUAGE: Arabic, Comoran
LITERACY: 65 per cent
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic (Islamic)
CURRENCY: Comoran Franc
LOCATION: Island on the Mozambique Channel of Indian Ocean between Mozambique and Madagascar.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 11 deg 41'S, 43 deg 16'E
PRESIDENT: Azali Assoumani 
BRIEF HISTORY:
An archipelago of three islands. These three and another island MAYOTTE were Initially attached with Madagascar from 1914 to 1947 and remained as French overseas territories.
Of these, Mayotte offered to remain with France while the other three preferred Independence and attained the same in 1974. Since its independence to 1999 the country has undergone as many as 19 coups an evidence to its political instability. Even in 1999, Col. Azzali Assoumani became President only through a coup and remained in power till 2006. Only in May 2006, Ahmed Abdallah Sambi a Sunny Islamic cleric and a respected businessman came to power in a peaceful manner and continuing in a democratic way.

CONGO

REPUBLIC OF CONGO
CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL : Brazaville
AREA: 342000 SQKM
RELIGION; Christianity
LANGUAGE: French, Longala, Congo, Teke
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
LITERACY: 75 per cent
CURRENCY: CFA Franc
MAJOR CITIES: Brazaville, Pointe-Nocre, Loubomo
BORDERS: Gabon, DR Congo, Cameroon, Central African Republic.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 4 deg 16'S, 16 deg 17'E
PRESIDENT:Denis Sassou Nguesso
PRIME MINISTER: Clement Mouamba 
BRIEF HISTORY:
A tribal came into European contact by 15th century and the region was one of the slave trade centres. Came under French control ion 1880 and came to be known as French Congo in 1891 as part of the French Equatorial Africa.
Became autonomous in 1958 and independent on 15.8.1960. Thereafter it is a case of political instability due to coups after coups. In 2002, Genl. Denis Sassou became President, under controversial circumstances and had the constitution amended to President, enable his term for 7 years. In 2009 he held another elections and came back to power again under controversial circumstances and continuing.

COSTA RICA

CONTINENT: North America
CAPITAL: San Jose
AREA: 51100 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE; Spanish
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
LITERACY: 95 per cent
CURRENCY: Colon
MAJOR CITIES: San Jose, Alajenla, Cartago
BORDERS: Panama, Nicaragua, South Pacific Ocean
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION;9 deg 56'N, 84 deg 5'W
PRESIDENT: Luis Guillermo Solis
BRIEF HISTORY:
Christopher Columbus arrived here in 1502. The first settlement began in 1522. Spain conquered this territory in the 16th century and ruled the region till early 19th century.
In 1821, along with other Central Americal States, declared its independence to be part of a federation. In 1838, withdrew from the federation and became an independent country.But for a minor political disturbance between 1917-1918 and 1948-49, the country has been having a peaceful political situation.
Q117. What does "Costa Rica" mean?
Rich coast. Named by Christopher Columbus.
Q118. What has brought economic stability to the country in recent years?
Silicon processing.

COTE D' IVOIRE - IVORY COAST

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Yamassaoukro & Abidjan
AREA:322462 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Christianity
LANGUAGE: French
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 20.6 million
LITERACY: 45 per cent
CURRENCY; CFA Franc
MAJOR CITIES: Yamassoukri, Abidjan, Bouake
BORDERS: Ghana, Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkino Faso, South Atlantic Ocean
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 6 deg 51'N, 5 deg 18'W
PRESIDENT: Alassane Quattara
PRIME MINISTER: Daniel Kablan Duncan
BRIEF HISTORY:
The earliest arrival of Europeans were Portuguese in 1460s. In the mid 19th Century (1840s) France took interest in the region and took full control in The 1890s. Became independent on 7.8.1960 and Houphet Boigny became the First President and ruled for 35 years, upto 1995. During his tenure the Country progressed well in agriculture. Thereafter the political atmosphere has not been peaceful.
As of Alassane Quattara is recognized as the President by the UN Security Council, although the elections held remains a controversy.
Q119. How is Cote d' Ivoire also known?
Ivory Coast.
Q120. Cote d' Ivoire is the largest producer of?
Cocoa.

CROATIA

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Zagreb
AREA: 56538 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Serb, Croatian
POLITICAL STATUS; Republic
POPULATION: 4.48 million
LITERACY : 94 per cent
CURRENCY: Kuna
MAJOR CITIES: Zagreb, Split
BORDERS: Hungary, Slovenia, Serbia, Italy, Herzegovina and Montenegro
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 45 deg 48'N, 16 deg 0'E
PRESIDENT:  Kolinda Grabar Kitarovic
PRIME MINISTER: Andrej Plenkovic
BRIEF HISTORY:
In its early history this region has passed through Illyrians, Colts, Greeks, Romans, Huns, Ostrogoths, Byzantines and finally came under the Ottomaans. The Ottomaan ruled this territory until the 2nd half of 19th century.In 1868, Croatian autonomy was granted within the Hungarian-Croatian settlement. After WWI, the Croatian parliament severed their relations with Austria - Hungary domination. Croatia and Slovenia became part of a state for Slovens, Croats and Serbians.
In 1929, then King Alexander proclaimed a dictatorship, imposed a new constitution and renamed the country as "Kingdom of Yugoslavia".
In 1934, King Alexander was assassinated and the new governments took sides with Nazis - of Italy and Germany and distanced themselves from France and Britain.After the WWII, since the Nazis were in occupation of Yugoslavia, allowed the Croatian radicals come to power forming independent State of Croatia, under the Leadership of Ante Paveti. During his tenure, minorities like Serbs, Romans and Jews were exterminated, numbering about 7 lakh and above.
In 1941, Communism emerged and in 1945, Joseph Broz Tito, with the help of Soviet expelled the Axis forces and formed and interim government. Thus formed The Democratic Federation of Yugoslavia run by Tito's communist Party.
In 1980 when Tito died, the federation crumbled. In the 1990s,. the communism also started crumbling. Thus, the independence movement of individual Serbs, Croatians and Slovenians began.
When the Serbian majority in the north started as "autonomous" and prevented Croats functioning peacefully with the help of Yugoslavian National Army with Majority Serbs, led to the Croatian Government declaring independence from Yugoslavia on 25.6.1991 (originally formed in 1990) under the leadership of Franjo Tulman.
It did not end here. The Serbs started violence against Croatians from 1991 to 1995 killing thousands of people. Croatians waged a full scale war against the Serbs leading to mass exodus of Serbs.
Finally at the intervention of US, peace was restored by "Dayton Agreement".

CUBA

CONTINENT: N.America
CAPITAL: Havana
AREA:110922 SQKM
RELIGION:Christianity
LANGUAGE: Spanish
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION:11.3 million
LITERACY: 100%
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly of People's Power
CURRENCY: Peso
MAJOR CITIES; Havana, Santa Clara, Santiago-de-cuba
LOCATION: Caribbean Sea near Gulf Of Mexico.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 23 deg 8'N, 82 deg 23'N
PRESIDENT: Raul Castro
BRIEF HISTORY:
Columbus arrived here in October 1492. In the beginning of the 16th century Diego Velazquez de Cellular invaded this land and became the Governor. The Spanish controlled the entire population, flourished on slave trade and plantation management. Although slavery was abolished in 1884, the Spanish did not implement any of the reforms and also treated the native Cubans with iron hand, and continued to be so even after US President William McKinley's intervention.This led to the Spanish-American War of 1898.
On July 17, 1898 Spain surrendered and signed the Treaty of Paris and ceded Cuba to US. In 1902, Cuba was granted freedom. TOMAS ESTRADA PALMA became the first President.
1902-1933 the country was ruled by independence movement leaders. In September 1933, Fulgacio Batista took over through a coup and ruled like a dictator, and Continued till 1955, but for a brief intervening spells by two others.
In 1955, Fidel Castro led the Democratic movement. He was imprisoned. Upon release Castro went into exile and organized his movement. In the meantime Batista faced lot of internal problems and had to flee the country in 1959.
In July 1961, the revolutionary forces made FIDEL CASTRO the President of Cuba. Thus began his rule continuing upto February 2008 when he made his Brother Raul Castro as the President who is now in rule.
Q121. How many islands comprise of Cuba?
Two - Cuba and Youth Island.
Q122. Cuba is the largest producer of?
Sugar - thus called the "Sugar Bowl of the World".
Q123. Cuba produces the famous.......?
Havana Cigars - a world famous smokers' delight.
Q124. Where is "Bay of Pigs" and what is its importance?
South West Coast of Cuba. A place where 1500 exiled Cubans tried to invade the country and overthrow Fidel Castro on 17.4.1961 but failed.
Q125. Fidel Castro came to power by?
Overthrowing Fulgenico Batista, a dictator in July 1961.

CYPRUS

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Nicosia
AREA: 9251 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Islam
LANGUAGE: Greek, Turkish, English
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 8.03 lacs
LITERACY: 95 per cent
CURRENCY: Cyprus Pound
MAJOR CITIES; Nicosia, Limassol, Larnanca.
LOCATION: Mediterranean Sea at the meeting point of Africa, Asia and Europe.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 35 deg 08'N, 33 deg 28'E
PRESIDENT: Nicos Anastasiades
BRIEF HISTORY:
The country came under the Ottomann's in the later half of the 16th century. Following Ottomanns defeat in the WWI, Britain annexed it in 1925. In 1960 it became independent. Archbishop Markarious became the first President. The north of the island is occupied by Turkish and the South by the Greek Cypriots. Infighting between these two is a regular problem even now. The Northern Cyprus occupied by Turkish Cypriots have declared their Independence in 1983, but the world body is yet to recognize it.
Q126. What is special about the Indian Mission at Cyprus?
Located at a street called Smt. Indira Gandhi Street.

CZECH REPUBLIC

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Prague
AREA: 78864 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Czech, Slovak
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 10.6 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Koruna, Euro
MAJOR CITIES: Prague, Brno, Ostrava, Pardubice, Liberec, Olomonc
BORDERS: Germany, Slovakia, Austria, Poland.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 50 deg 05'N, 14 deg 28'E
PRESIDENT: Milos Zeman
PRIME MINISTER: Bohuslav Sobotka
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was under the Austria-Hungary Empire prior to WWI. When that empire collapsed after WWI, Czechoslavakia was created and became independent in 1918. Between 1918 to 1945, the presence of Nazis had caused turbulent situations leading to the death of millions of Jews.
After WWII, when Germany was defeated, the Nazi Germans either fled the Country or were caught and slaughtered . In 1948, a reconstituted Czechoslavakia fell into Soviet influence. In 1968, an invasion by Warsaw Pact Troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize democratic party rule and create "socialism with a human face".
In 1989, Czechoslavakia regained its political independence through peaceful revolution. On 1.1.1993, the country peacefully split into Czech and Slovakia Republics and progressing.
Q127. What is the name of the peaceful revolution through which Czechoslavakia attained independence from Warsaw Pact Troops?
Velvet Revolution

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Kinshasa
AREA: 2344885 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Islam
LANGUAGE: French, Kiswahili, Lingala, Tribal
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 70 million
LITERACY: 75 per cent
CURRENCY: Congolese Franc
MAJOR CITIES: Kinshasa, Lubumbashi, Kananga.
BORDERS: Angola, Congo, CA Republic, Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 4 degree 19'S, 15 degree 19'E
PRESIDENT: Joseph Kabila
PRIME MINISTER: Sami Badibango
BRIEF HISTORY:
A tribal population for centuries. Only in 1870, it came into contact with the outside world. Sir Henry Morton Stanley of Belgium landed here in 1870.In 1855, King Leopold of Belgium, acquired the territory through Berlin Conference and named it as CONGO FREE STATE. The brutal treatment meted out to the locals by the LEOPOLD regime, in the rubber plantations, raised severe international protests, led to the adoption of the territory as a Belgian colony and was named as Belgian Congo in 1908.
Attained independence in 1960. Initial five years was politically unstable. In 1965, Joseph Desire Mobutu assumed power through a coup and continued till 1997 when he had to flee the country due to ethnic strife and civil commotion.
Laurent Kabila took over in 1997 as President and had to face serious rebellion from his former allies supported by Rwandan and Ugandan forces in 1998. A ceasefire was reached in 1990, but the fighting continued. Joseph Kabila, son of Laurent Kabila was made President and continuing as of 2011.

DENMARK

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Copenhagen
AREA: 43074 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Danish
POLITICAL STATUS: Kingdom
POPULATION: 5.55 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Folkleting
CURRENCY: Krone
MAJOR CITIES: Copenhagen,Odenese, Alborg, Randers.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 55 deg 43'N,12 deg 34E
CONSTITUTIONAL HEAD: Queen Margareth II
PRIME MINISTER: Lars Lokke Rasmussen 
BRIEF HISTORY:
During the 8th to 11th centuries, it was the VIKINGS who inhabited much of Denmark. In the 11th century it was part of England for three decades. In the 12th century it became the seat of an independent church province called Scandinavia.
In the 14th century the three kingdoms viz. Denmark, Norway and Sweden, along with Faroe islands, Iceland, Greenland and Finland (all present day territories) formed an union called KALMAR UNION. In 1521, broke away from the Union and became independent. In 1814, Norway broke away from the Union and came under Sweden.
Finally Denmark, being already independent of the Union became a monarchy in 1849 and continues.
Q128. What are the external territories of Denmark?
FAEROE ISLANDS: Area 1399 SQKM; Capital: Tor Shavn - mountainous Volcanic. Lies in North Atlantic.56308 SQKM; Capital: Nuuk 2. GREENLAND: Area: - Largest island in the World. Also known as KALLALLIT NUNAAT . 80% of the land is Icecapped.
Q129. What is the name of the Peninsula that make up most of Denmark?
Jutland.
Q130. People of Denmark are the highest payer of?
Income Tax - upto 60%.
Q131. Denmark is the world's largest producer of?
Dairy products.
Q132. Which two territories of Denmark are voicing for separation and Independence?
Faeroe Islands and Greenland.

DJIBOUTI

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Djibouti
AREA: 21783 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: French, Arabic, Affar, Issa
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 864000
LITERACY: 60 per cent
CURRENCY: Franc
BORDERS: Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea, Gulf of Aden
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 11 deg 36'N, 43 deg 10'E
PRESIDENT: Ismail Omar Guellah
PRIME MINISTER: Abdoul Kader Kamil Mohamed
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was a French territory of Affars and Issas and got independence in June 1977.One of the poorest countries and survives on aid from France and Arab countries.
Q133. How was Djibouti known earlier?
French Somaliland.

DOMINICA

CONTINENT: N.America
CAPITAL: Rosseau
AREA: 750 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: English, French Patois
POLITICAL STATUS: Indepdent
POPULATION: 72600
LITERACY: 90 per cent
LOCATION: Island on the Caribbean Sea near Antigua & Bermuda.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 15 deg 18'N, 61 deg 23'W
PRESIDENT: Charles Savarin
PRIME MINISTER: Roosevelt Skerrit
BRIEF HISTORY:
Columbus arrived here in 1493. Initially France established their settlements. After the 7 year war and by the Treaty of Paris, the island came into the hands of British in 1783. It became a crown colony in 1896.
On 3rd November 1978, attained independence and remains under the sovereignty of United Kingdom.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

CONTINENT: N.America
CAPITAL: Santo Domingo
AREA: 48442 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Spanish
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 10.09 million
LITERACY: 85 per cent
CURRENCY: Peso
MAJOR CITIES: Santo Domingo, Santiago, Puerto Plata, San Christobal.
BORDERS: Haiti and Caribbean Sea
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 19 deg 00'N, 70 deg 40'W
PRESIDENT: Danito Medina.
BRIEF HISTORY:
It is formed out of the original island called HISPANIOLA and was ruled by tribal chieftains. Columbus arrived here in 1492, and founded a Spanish colony in 1493. During this period the local natives "Trainos" were wiped out.
In the early 16th century African slaves were brought. In 18th century it was under Haiti for a brief period and independence was obtained in 1844. In 1861, it came under Spanish control again and gained their independence back in 1865.
To prevent other European invasion and for financial stability, US was allowed to occupy and a military government was established in 1916. US occupation ended in 1924. Democratic government was installed which lasted upto 1930. Thereafter and until 1966 it was a case of coup after coup and political instability.
In 1966, US intervention brought some peace and thereafter democratically elected governments are ruling.

EAST TIMOR

CONTINENT: Australia
CAPITAL: Dili
AREA: 15410 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Portuguese, Tetum
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 1.06 million
LITERACY: 40 per cent
CURRENCY: US Dollar & Indonesian Rupiah
LOCATION: Island on the Indian Ocean close to Australia.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 8 degree 34'S, 125 degree 34'E
PRESIDENT:Taur Matan Ruak
PRIME MINISTER: Rui Maria de Araujo  
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was a Portugal colony since 16th century excepting for a brief occupation between 1942-45 by Japan. Attained independence on 28.11.1975. But within two weeks (9 days) Indonesia occupied it and incorporated it into Indonesia in 1976.
1976 to 1999 it was a bloody battle between East Timorese and Indonesian forces. Nearly 2.5 lakh people lost their lives. US's peace keeping force intervention in September 1999 brought an end to the war and killings.
In May 2002, East Timor was internationally recognized as an independent country.

ECUADOR

CONTINENT: S.America
CAPITAL: Quito
AREA: 283561 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Spanish, Quechuan
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 14.7 million
LITERACY: 90 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Congress
CURRENCY: US Dollar & Sucre
MAJOR CITIES: Quito, Guayaquil, Cuenca
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 00 deg 9'S, 78 deg 21'S
BORDERS: N.A.Ocean, Peru, Columbia
PRESIDENT: Rafael Correa.
BRIEF HISTORY:
Originally of Inca empire. Spanish occupation began in 1533, became its colony and was ruled for nearly 300 years by Spain. Became independent in May 1830. Despite some initial political instability, the country has been politically stable and progressing.
Q134. Ecuador is the largest exporter of?
Banana and Salsa wood.
Q135. Ecuador is famous for?
Panama Hats - made of Tequilla straw.

EGYPT

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Cairo
AREA: 997677 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Christianity
LANGUAGE: Egyptian, Arabic, English.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 79 million
LITERACY: 65 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Shura Council
CURRENCY: Egyptian Pound
MAJOR CITIES: Cairo, Alexandria, Giza.
BORDERS: Libya, Sudan, Syprus, Israel, Red Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 30 deg 2'N, 31 deg 13E
PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT APPOINTED BY MILITARY JUNTA:
PRESIDENT: Abdel Fatah el-Sisi
PRIME MINISTER: Sherif Ismail
BRIEF HISTORY:
Its civilization is one of the oldest - about 5000 years old, ruled by Romans, Arabs,Ottomanns, Muhammad Ali and his successors.
Attained independence in 1922. King Fuad was made its ruler. Upon his death in 1936 his son Faruq became the King at the age of 16. In July 1952, King Faruq was overthrown by Lt. Col. Abdul Nasser and assumed power. Became a republic in June 1953. Lt. Col. Nasser became a charismatic leader for the Arabs and also a respected leader of peace of the world.
Nasser died in 1970 and Anwar-al-Sadat took over. Sadat was assassinated on 6th October 1981 by Islamic extremists and Hosni Mubarak became President in 1981, to rule (nearly 30 years) the country till January 2011, when public protest for a change ended in the proclamation of military rule. Later Mohammad Morsi was elected as the President.
Q136. How is Egypt also called?
Gift of the Nile.
Q137. What is the famous maritime convenience Egypt is holding?
The Suez Canal.
Q138. What is the name of one of the world famous highest dam in Egypt?
ASWAN DAM - across Nile river.

EL SALVADOR

CONTINENT: N.America
CAPITAL: San Salvador
AREA: 21393 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Spanish
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 6.1 million
LITERACY: 70%
CURRENCY: Colon, USD, Peso
MAJOR CITIES: San Salvador, Santa Ana, San Maguel
BORDERS; N.A.Ocean, Guatemala, Honduras.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 13 deg 40'N, 89 deg 10'W
PRESIDENT: Salvador Sanchez Saren.
BRIEF HISTORY:
Part of the Mayan civilization region, in 1525, the Spanish conquered and established its colony here. It was under the control of King Carlos I of Spain as part of Kingdom of Guatemala. It was under Spanish rule for three centuries. In 1821, declared itself free from Spain and formed the United Provinces of Central America under General Manuel Jose Arce in 1823. In 1838, it came out of the federation and became independent.
Thereafter the country has not been having any peaceful political atmosphere. However, in 2009, Mauricio Funas, a television journalist was chosen as a consensus candidate and made President and continues.
Q139. What does "El Salvador" in Spanish mean?
"The Saviour" referring to Jesus.

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Malabo
AREA: 28051 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Spanish, Fang, Bubi, Pudgin English
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 676000
LITERACY: 80 per cent
CURRENCY: CFA Franc
MAJOR CITIES: Malabo, Bata
BORDERS: Gulf of Guinea, Gabon, Cameroon
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 3 deg 45'N, 8 deg 47'E
PRESIDENT: Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
PRIME MINISTER: Francisco Pascual Obama Asue 
BRIEF HISTORY:
Tribal oriented population came under Spanish in the 16th century and remained so till September 1958.Francisco Macias Nguema became President and his rule was one of political and fiscal atrocities but he managed to rule upto 1979 August.
Teodoro Obiang Ngume Mbasogo, nephew of Nguema came to power in 1979 through a coup, executed his uncle and continues.
Q140. How was Equatorial Guinea known earlier?
Spanish Guinea.

ERITREA

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Asmara
AREA: 117600 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Islam
LANGUAGE: Tigrigana
POLITICAL STATUS: Independent
POPULATION: 5.2 million
LITERACY: 35 per cent
CURRENCY: Nakfa
MAJOR CITIES: Masswa, Assab, Asmara.
BORDERS: Ethiopia, Sudan, Red Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 15 deg 20'N, 38 deg 55'E
PRESIDENT: Isaias Afewerki.
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was part of Ethiopia. Italy colonized its region in 1885. Following the defeat of Italy in the WWII, it came under British rule and remained so till 1951. Then it was federated with Ethiopia under a UN sponsored mandate. However, Ethiopia used this opportunity to annexe Eritrea fully and exploit its strategic conditions and economic advantages. The independence movement began in 1960s and continued for 30 years against the Ethiopian rule. Finally, through an UN sponsored referendum voted overwhelmingly for the independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia and thus Eritrea attained its independence from 24.5.1993. Since then, Afewerki continues in power.

ESTONIA

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Tallin
AREA: 45100 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Estonian
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 1.34 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Kroon
MAJOR CITIES: Tallin, Tartu, Kohtla, Jarve.
BORDERS: Russia, Latvia, Baltic Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 59 deg 25'N, 24 deg 45'E
PRESIDENT: Kersti Kaljulaid
PRIME MINISTER: Juri Ratas
BRIEF HISTORY:
In its early days it was part of Sweden. Sweden was defeated by Russians in 1721 in the Great Northern War. Thus Estonia came under Russian rule. After WWI the Russian Empire collapsed and Estonia declared itself independent and Republic from 24.2.1918.
However, Russians invaded Estonia in November 1918 but was made to retreat. A peace accord called "Treaty of Tartu" was signed in February 1920 and Estonia became independent again. In 1940 Russia annexed Estonia and established a Communist government. In 1941, Germans occupied this territory defeating Russia and used the region as concentration camp for exterminating Jews.
After the WWII, Russians again took control of this region and kept it so until 1990.When Communist Russia - USSR - started crumbling, Estonia, along with other countries became independent on 20.8.1991.
Since then the country has been progressing politically and otherwise.

ETHIOPIA

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Addis Ababa
AREA: 1221900 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Christianity
LANGUAGE: Amharika, Oromina, Tigrigna
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 85 million
LITERACY: 50 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Shergo
CURRENCY: Birr
MAJOR CITIES: Addis Ababa, Gondar, Dire, Dawa.
BORDERS: Eritrea, Sudan, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 9 deg 1.8'N, 38 deg 44E
PRESIDENT: Mulatu Teshome
PRIME MINISTER: Hailemariam Desalegn
BRIEF HISTORY:
Africa's oldest independent country. Was ruled by tribal kings until 1974. Haitei Selassei was the last emperor. From 1974 to 1987, it was under military rule. In 1987, Communism took over and the country was named as People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Mengitsu became the President.
Drought and famine affected the social conditions of the people which resulted in people's upraisal, making Mengitsu to flee the country, never to return.
Afterwards, the country has been run on coalition based political arrangement.
Q141. How was Ethiopia known earlier?
Abyssinia.
Q142. As an African country what distinction Ethiopia holds?
The only African country not to be colonized by any European country.
Q143. Despite the economic conditions, Ethiopians have been excelling in one particular athletic event. What is it?
Long distance running like Marathon. Produced some unbeatable world class athletes.

FIJI

CONTINENT: Australia
CAPITAL: Suva
AREA: 18376 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Islam, Hinduism.
LANGUAGE: English, Fijian, Hindi
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic.
POPULATION: 849000
LITERACY: 91%
CURRENCY: Dollar
LOCATION: Lies in the Western Pacific.About 1750 Kms North of New Zealand. Consists of 332 islands.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION:18 deg 10'S, 178 deg 27'E
PRESIDENT: George Konrote 
PRIME MINISTER: Frank Bainimarama
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was a colony of the British until it became independent on 10.10.1970. Upto 1987,the country has been sailing smooth politically and economically.
In April 1987, a coalition led by Dr. Timoci Bavadara, an ethnic Fijian, supported by Indo Fijian community formed a government. Within a month Lt.Col. Sitiveni Rabuka removed the government through a coup on 14.5.1987.After a series of negotiations for restoration of the elected government, Col.Rabuka staged a second coup in September 1987. He revoked the existing constitution and declared Republic. He drafted and implemented a new constitution giving ethnic Fijians more majority in both the Houses of Parliament, and he became the Prime Minister in 1993.
His governance attracted widespread criticism from other races. Some compromised changes were made to the constitution providing ethnic Fijians the Presidentship and PM open to all races. It was approved in 1997 and normalcy was restored in Fiji to some extent. But the move was not internationally accepted. In the meantime Rabuka resigned and the ethnic strife continued.
In the 1999 elections Rabuka's political alliance lost the elections and Indo Fijian alliance led by Mahendra Chaudhary, which won, formed the Government in May 1999.
In May 2000, George Speight a Fijian nationalist and military commander took Mr. Chaudhari and the MPs into hostage. The stand-off dragged for 8 weeks, during which period Mahendra Chaudhari was removed, the military took over the Government, arrested George Speight and sentenced him for life imprisonment for treason.
LAISENIA QARASE, a banker, was made interim PM. In the 2001 elections, Qarase won and became a regular PM. In December 2006, Frank Bainimarama the military commander again staged a coup and took over the government, giving Executive powers to the President Iloilo.
Despite the Fijian Court overruling the take over by Bainimarama, the President Iloilo superseded the decision of the Court, the Constitution and continued Bainimarama as the PM, in 2009. Although the country has been smooth thereafter the international community has so far not accepted such an arrangement.
Q144. Who is the famous Indian origin Fijian in the golf world?
Vijay Singh.

FINLAND

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Helsinki
AREA: 338424 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Finnish, Swedish
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 5.37 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Edukusta
CURRENCY: Euro
MAJOR CITIES: Helsinki, Tampere, Espoo.
BORDERS: Sweden, Norway, Russia, Estonia
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 60 deg 10'N, 024 deg 56'E
PRESIDENT: Sauli Ninisto
PRIME MINISTER: Juha Stipila 
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was part of the Swedish Empire until 1809. Russia conquered it in 1809 and remained so until 1917. In November 1917, after some protests and civil war, declared itself independent. Russians made several attempts to annexe it but failed.Thus, Finland remained independent thereafter and despite Russian influence, joined the European Union and progressing.
Q145. How Finland is also known?
"Land of the Lakes " - the country has more than 2000 lakes.
Q146. Geographically what is the major asset Finland has?
65% of its land area is covered by coniferous forests, forming the base for its strong economy.

FRANCE

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Paris
AREA: 674843 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: French
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 65.8 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: Euro
MAJOR CITIES: Paris, Marseilles,Lyons, Strasbourg, Bordeaux, Nantes.
BORDERS: Germany, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Monaco, Andorra.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 48 degree 51.4'N, 2 degree 21.05'E
PRESIDENT: Francoid Hollande
PRIME MINISTER: Bernard Casa naeuve 
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was formerly a monarchy for centuries until 1792, when French Revolution took place and France was declared a Republic on 21.9.1792.
In 1802, Napoleon Bonaparte seized power and declared himself as the first and lifetime Consul. After his defeat in the battle of Waterloo in 1815, the Bourbon dynasty rule was restored. After a couple of change overs from dynasty rule to republic and finally after the WWII, France became a Republic.
In 1940, German Nazis conquered France and in 1944, when the Germans were defeated, France got liberated and became a republic finally under the leadership of Charles De Gaulle in October 1944. Thereafter the democratic process continues to rule the country despite some political disruptions.
Q147. What are the external territories of France?
1. French Polynesia 2. French Southern and Antarctic lands 3. New Caledonia 4. Wallis, Future, St. Pierro, Miquellon and Mayotte Islands.
Q148. Who was the last emperor of France?
Napoleon III
Q149. Which Pope crowned Napoleon Bonaparte as emperor in 1804?
Pius VII.
Q150. Which emperor of France commissioned the Arc-de-Triuphe monument in Paris?
Napoleon I
Q151. Who was the longest monarch to rule France?
Charles II the Bald.
Q152. How is France called in French?
FIRENZE.

GABON

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL : Libreville
AREA: 267745 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: French, Spanish, Bantu
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION:1.47 million
LITERACY : 70 per cent
CURRENCY : CFA Franc.
MAJOR CITIES: Libreville, Port Gentil, Masuku, Louisville
BORDERS: Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Congo, S.Atlantic Ocean
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 0 deg 23'N, 9 deg 27'E
PRESIDENT:   Ali Bongo Ondimba
PRIME MINISTER: Emmanuel Issoze Ngondet 
BRIEF HISTORY:
A tribal oriented history. Portuguese, French and British traders arrived here. France assumed as the protectorate of Gabon around 1840. In 1910, it became part of the (four) French Equatorial Africa, a federation, which lasted upto 1959. Became independent on 17th August 1960. It is one of the prosperous countries in Africa and politically peaceful.
Q153. Gabon has the largest deposit of which mineral?
Manganese.
Q154. What is the political record the past President Omar Bongo held?
He was the President of Gabon from 1967 to 2009, for 42 years when he died. Now his son Ali Bongo Ondimba is the President.

GAMBIA

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Banjul
AREA: 11295 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Christianity
LANGUAGE: English, Mandinka
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 1.7 million
LITERACY; 50%
CURRENCY; Dalasi
MAJOR CITIES: Banjul, Serre Kunda, Ferra Fenni.
BORDERS: Senegal and Atlantic Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 13 deg 28'N 16 deg 36'W
PRESIDENT: Yahya Jammeh
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was part of the Ghana - Songhai Empire of the Tribal Africans. In 1783, through the Treaty of Versailles, Britain got the possession of Gambia and made its colony from 1889. Became independnt on 18.2.1965 and a Republic on 24.4.1970. Sir Dawda Kairuba Jawara was the President from independence.
In 1981, a coup attempt by Kukoi samba Sanyang was foiled with the help of Senegal. Thus came the formation of SENEGAMBIA Confederation ( SENEGAL + GAMBIA) in 1982 and lasted upto 1989, when they separated to become independent countries of their own.
Through a coup in 1994, Yahya Jammeh overthrew Jawara and became the President and continues.

GEORGIA

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Tbilisi
AREA: 69700 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE : Georgian, Russian
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION:4.6 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY; Lari
MAJOR CITIES: Tbilisi, Kutaisi, Batumi
BORDERS: Russia, Azerbaizan, Turkey, Black Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 41 deg 43'N44 deg 47'E
PRESIDENT: Giorgi Margvelashvili
PRIME MINISTER: Giorgi Kvirikashvili
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was part of the Great Russian Empire. After the Russian Revolution in 1917, Georgia proclaimed itself independent Democratic Republic of Georgia. It was forcibly annexed back into Russia in 1921, and remained with Russia till 1990, that is when USSR crumbled.
Georgia, along with other regions of USSR became independent again from April 1991. Politically peaceful.

GERMANY

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Berlin
AREA: 357020 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: German
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 81.7 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Bundestag (Lower); Bundestrat (Upper)
CURRENCY; Euro
MAJOR CITIES: Berlin, Hamburg, Munich,Cologne, Frankfurt, Leipzig
BORDERS: Italy, Poland, Czech, Austria, Denmark, North Sea, Baltic Sea, Switzerland, Netherlands, France,Luxembourg, Belgium
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 52 deg 31'N 13 deg 23'E
PRESIDENT: Joachim Gauk
CHANCELLOR: Angela Merkel
BRIEF HISTORY:
Germany has a long history and has an important place in the world history. The world has come to know of its history from Roman Empire, German Confederation, German Empire, Weimar Republic, Hitler's Nazi Germany, Federal Republic of Germany and unified German Democratic Republic.
At the time WWI, it was German Empire consisting of a large area. After the WWI in August 1919, the Weimar Constitution came into effect with Friedreich Ebert as its President.
On August 30, 1933 Hitler became the Chancellor and continued till 1945 that is till his death, by suicide. During his reign, Jews in all the regions under his control were massacred mercilessly. The term "holocaust" came into use prominently thereafter.
In the WWII, Germany suffered the heavy defeat and Germany also split into West and East Germany, in 1945. The unification of the two Germany was initiated by Willy Brandt as Chancellor in the 1970s and the unification took place on 3rd October 1990, now known as German Democratic Republic.
Q155. Who was instrumental in unifying the East and West Germany?
Willy Brandt - Chancellor - 1970.
Q156. What was the name of the wall that divided the two Germany and when was it brought down?
Berlin Wall - 1989.
Q157. Which German Commander was called the "Desert Fox"?
Erwin Rommel.
Q158. Who succeeded Adolf Hitler, as the "Reich Kauzler" just for 23 days after his suicidal death?
Karl Doenitz
Q159. In the field of exploration of space, Germany was?
The first to form an organization of astronauts, in 1927 itself, much before US and Russia who are now the leaders.
Q160. What was the name for the crossing point at the Friedreich Strasse - Berlin Wall, when it was a walled city?
Checkpoint Charlie
Q161. In which city of Germany, the trials of the WWII Nazi criminals was held?
Nuremberg - thus the trial is known as "Nuremberg Trial".
Q162. Between the two Germanys before unification, which one built the 'Berlin Wall"?
East Germany.

GHANA

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Accra
AREA: 238535 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Islam, Tribal.
LANGUAGE: English, Tribal
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 24.23 million
LITERACY: 65 per cent
CURRENCY: Cedi
MAJOR CITIES: Accra, Kumasi, Tamale, Takoradi, Tema
BORDERS: Burkino Faso, Togo, Cote d'Ivoire, Gulf of Guinea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 5 deg 33'N 0 deg 15'W
PRESIDENT: John Dramani Mahama
BRIEF HISTORY:
Mostly tribal oriented region. By 15th century Portuguese traders arrived here followed by Dutch in 1598 and by 17th century English, Danish and Sweden also joined the "Gold Quest" (as Ghana had lot of gold findings). Finally in 1896 the region came under the protection of British and remained so till its independence on 6.3.1957 and became a Republic from 1.7.1960.  Politically peaceful..

GREECE

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Athens
AREA : 131990 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Greek
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 11.3 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Euro
MAJOR CITIES: Athens, Thosolaniki, Salonika, Larissa.
BORDERS: Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Aegean & Ionian Seas.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 37 deg 58'N 23 deg 43'E
PRESIDENT: Prokopis Pavlopoulous 
PRIME MINISTER: Alexis Tsipras 
BRIEF HISTORY:
Its civilization is one of the oldest. Its contribution to art, architecture, science, mathematics, philosophy, literature, democracy and sports are huge and unmatchable even today. 5th century BC had been the peak period of its glory.
By the end of 1st century the region came under the mighty Romans, then to the Byzantines and finally to the Ottomann's before its modern history began. In 1821/1830 (finally) attained their independence from the Ottomanns. Then in the 1930s, Hitler's Nazi captured it and inflicted the massacre of jews. After Nazi's defeat in the WWII, Greece got liberated.
In 1967, a military coup and rule was enforced and lasted upto 1974. In 1974, democracy was restored and Republic was installed. Continues to be politically peaceful.
Has a number of islands under its territorial jurisdiction.
Q163. Capital Athens is famous for?
It is from here the famous ancient and modern Olympics have started.

GRENADA

CONTINENT: S.America
CAPITAL: St. George's
AREA: 344 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: French & English
POLITICAL STATUS: Independent
POPULATION: 1,10,000
LITERACY: 90 per cent
CURRENCY: EC Dollar
LOCATION: Caribbean Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 12 degree 03'N 61 degree 45'W
CONSTITUTIONAL HEAD: Queen Elizabeth II
GOVERNOR GENERAL: Cecille La Grenade
PRIME MINISTER: Keith Mitchell
BRIEF HISTORY:
Columbus discovered this island in 1498. Initially it was the French and then British captured it in 1762. Became part of the West Indies Federation. Attained independence on 7.2.1974. Thereafter some political instability lasted upto 1984. Afterwards political stability has settled down.
Q164. How is Grenada also called?
SPICE island - the island is famous for Nutmeg, cinnamon, mace, ginger etc.
Q165. In 2004 and 2005 Grenada was destroyed by Hurricane. What are their Names?
1. September 2004 - Hurricane Ivan and 2. June 2005 - Hurricane Emily.

GUATEMALA

CONTINENT: N.America
CAPITAL: Guatemala City
AREA: 108890 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Spanish, Indian dialects.
POPULATION: 13.2 million
LITERACY: 70 per cent
POLITICAL STATUS : Republic
CURRENCY: Quetzal
MAJOR CITIES: Guatemala City, Escuint, Puerto Barrios
BORDERS: Mexico, Pacific Ocean, Belize, Caribbean Sea, Honduras, El Salvador.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 14 deg 38'N 90 deg 30'W
PRESIDENT: Jimmy Morales 
BRIEF HISTORY:
From the beginning, it was occupied by Spanish and became its colony and remained so until 1821. On Septem ber 15, 1821 attained independence, became part of the Mexican Empire, then into the Federation of United Provinces of Central America until its dissolution. Then it became a Republic in 1839.
Until the mid 20th century there was some political instability. Thereafter the country has been sailing smooth politically in a democratic process.

GUINEA

CONTINENT : Africa
CAPITAL: Conakry
AREA: 245847 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Christianity, Tribal
LANGUAGE: French
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 10 million
LITERACY: 50 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: Franc
MAJOR CITIES; Conakry, Kankan, Kindia,
BORDERS: Guinea Bissau, Seneral, Mali, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cote d'Ivoire
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 9 degree 31'N 13 degree 42'W
PRESIDENT: Alpha Conde
PRIME MINISTER: Mamady Youla 
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was part of the Ghana Kingdom. In 1898, it became a French colony. Became independent on 2.10.1958. Sekou Toure became President and continued till his death on 26.3.1984. Lausana Conte seized the power and installed a military rule, keeping himself as President and continued till 2008 until his death. His rule was considered to be autocratic and ruthless. Between 2008 and July 2010 there was political instability.
In July 2010 elections were held in which Alpha Conde was declared elected after some confusion in the mode of elections.

GUINEA BISSAU

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Bissau
AREA: 36125 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Christianity, Tribal
LANGUAGE: Cariuolo, Portuguese, Tribal
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 1.6 million
LITERACY: 60 per cent
CURRENCY: CFA Franc, Peso
MAJOR CITIES : Bissau, Baffata.
BORDERS: Seneral, Guinea, Atlantic Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 11 degree 52'N 15 degree 36'W
PRESIDENT: Jose Maria Vaz
PRIME MINISTER: Umaro Sissoco Embalo 
BRIEF HISTORY:
From the 15th century, (1450s), it was under Portuguese rule until 1973, when it unilaterally declared independence. Portuguese recognised the same in 1974.Thereafter the country has not been politically stable due to continuous coups. In the elections held in 2009, Malam Bacai Samha won and became the President. In 2012, he died and the government is managed on temporary political arrangement.

GUYANA

CONTINENT: South America
CAPITAL: George Town
AREA: 214969 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Hinduism, Islam
LANGUAGE: English, Hindi, Urdu, Creole
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 7.5 Lakhs.
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Guyana Dollar
MAJOR CITIES: George Town, Linden, New Amsterdam.
BORDERS: Suriname, Brazil, Venezeula, Atlantic Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 6 deg 46'N 58 deg 10'W
PRESIDENT: David Granger 
PRIME MINISTER: Moses Nagamootoo
BRIEF HISTORY:
Sighted by Columbus in 1498, Dutch were the first occupants of this region. Later 1796, it came under the British and remained so till its independence on 26.5.1966.Politically somewhat peaceful country.

HAITI

CONTINENT: S.America
CAPITAL: Port Au Prince
AREA: 27750 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Tribal
LANGUAGE: French, Creole
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
CURRENCY; Gourde, Hanoi
POPULATION: 9.7 million
LITERACY: 55 per cent
BORDERS: Dominican Republic Caribbean Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 18 deg 32'N 72 deg 20'W
PRESIDENT: Jocelerrlme  Privert 
PRIME MINISTER: Enex Jean Charles 
BRIEF HISTORY:
Columbus discovered this land in 1492. Although Spanish established control, the land was ceded to France in 1697, and remained so until 1804. On 1.1.1804, Dessalines, an indigenous army leader, declared independence and himself the emperor. He was very oppressive and was assassinated in 1806.
Jean Pierre Bayer took over as President in 1820 and remained in power until his death in 1843. In 1844, eastern part of Haiti revolted and became a separate country now known as Dominican Republic.
From thereon and until 2000 there was total political instability due to series of coups. In 2000 elections were held and ARISTIDE was elected as President. But internal differences and disturbances persisted and Aristide had to flee the country in 2004.
Therefore, Chief Justice of Supreme Court Boniface Alexandre took over as President and in the elections held in 2006 Rene Preval got elected as President .In the April 2011 elections, Michell Martelly was declared elected and continues as President.

HONDURAS

CONTINENT: South America
CAPITAL: Teguci Galpa
AREA: 112088 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Spanish, Indian dialects.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 8.2 millio
LITERACY: 75%
CURRENCY: Lempira
BORDERS: Nicaragua, El Salvador, Caribbean Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 14 deg 6"N 87 deg 13'W
PRESIDENT: Juan Orlando Hernandez
BRIEF HISTORY:
Columbus discovered the land in 1502. It was a Spanish colony for three centuries. Gained independence in 1821. Initially it was with Mexican Empire and then with United Provinces of Central America, a federation of states. On the collapse of this federation, it became independent again. Thereafter the history is even more politically confusing as the country had undergone nearly 300 rebellions, civil wars and change of governments.

HUNGARY

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Budapest
AREA: 93030 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Hungarian
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 9.98 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: Forint, Euro
MAJOR CITY: Budapest.
BORDERS: Sloavakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Austria.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 47 degree 26"N 19 degree 15'E
PRESIDENT: Janus Ador
PRIME MINISTER: Viktor Orban
BRIEF HISTORY:
The country has a stormy past with successive attacks from Huns, Magyars, Turks, Austrians and ruled them during different periods.
Finally before independence, it was under Austro Hungarian Monarchy. After the WWI, the monarchy collapsed and attained its independence in November 1918. In 1945, Russia occupied Hungary and remained so until 1956. In October 1956, students' protest and revolution against Russians took serious turn. Russians conducted a full time war and controlled the upraisal. When communism and the USSR started crumbling, Russia started withdrawing from Hungary.By 1990, Hungary started embracing democracy and thereafter democratic governments started functioning.
Q166. The Capital Budapest is a twin-city divided by?
River Danube. Buda and Pest are the cities.

ICELAND

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Reykjavik
AREA: 102846 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Icelandic
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 290000
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Althing
CURRENCY: Krona, Euro
LOCATION: Island in North Atlantic Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 64 degree 08'N 21 degree 56'W
PRESIDENT: Guoni Th. Johannsson
PRIME MINISTER: Sigurour Ingi Johannsson 
BRIEF HISTORY:
The people of Iceland are the descendants of the great dare devil "Vikings" of Norway. It was under Danish rule and then became part of the Norway Kingdom from 13th century.
In 1874, it was granted Home Rule and in 1918 it became a fully sovereign state under Denmark with a common King. During WWII, Germany occupied Iceland and therefore relation between Iceland and Denmark got severed. As a result, on 10th April 1940, the country took control and elected their own President. However, in May 1940, British occupied Iceland and extended all support to them.On 17th June 1944, it became independent and Republic.
Q167. What record the Parliament of Iceland holds?
World's oldest parliament.
Q168. How is Iceland also called?
" Island of the Midnight Sun" - as there is perpetual day light for may weeks during its cool summer.

INDONESIA

CONTINENT : Asia
CAPITAL: Jakarta
AREA: 1904569 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Jainism.
LANGUAGE: Bhasa Indonesian,Dutch, English, Javanese.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 238 million
LITERACY: 90 per cent
PARLIAMENT: People's Consultative Assembly.
CURRENCY: Rupiah
MAJOR CITIES: Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung.
LOCATION: An archipelago, Indian Ocean.
BORDERS: Papua New Guinea, East Timor, Malaysia.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 6 deg 10.5'S 106 deg 49.7'E
PRESIDENT: Joko Widodo
BRIEF HISTORY:
In its early history the region was ruled by the Sailendras, Sri Vijayas, Matarams, Kediri, Singhasaai, Majapahit and Sutanate of Mataram Kingdoms. It became a Dutch colony in 1602 and remained so until 1942, when Japan occupied the territory during WW II.
Japan lost the WWII and Indonesia proclaimed its independence on 9.8.1945. Sukarno became the President on 19.8.1945 and remained in power till 1968.
Genl. Suharto took over in 1968 and remained in power till 1998 when he was ousted by public protest. Thereafter some political instability, though not serious, prevailed until 2001.
Thereafter, political normalcy restored with democratic elections held. In 2004, Susilo Banbhano Yudhoyono was elected as President and continuing.
Q169. How was Indonesia known earlier?
Dutch East Indies.
Q170. As an archipelago, what is Indonesia's position?
Largest in the world with about 17508 islands in its territory.
Q171. What is the name of the island on which the capital Jakarta is located?
Java island.
Q172. In the matter of mineral resources, what is Indonesia's position?
World's richest in terms of minerals, with large deposits of Bauxite, Copper, Nickel, Gold and Silver.
Q173. What is the highest point in Indonesia?
Puncack Jaya also called Mount Carstensz, Papua Province.

IRAN

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Tehran
AREA : 1648000 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Persian, Turk, Kurdish, Arabic.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic.
POPULATION: 77.8 million
LITERACY: 80 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Majilis
CURRENCY: Rial.
MAJOR CITIES: Tehran, Esfahan, Mashad.
BORDERS: Persian Gulf, Iraq, Turkey, Armenia,Caspian Sea, Turmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 35 deg 41'N 51 deg 25'E
RELIGIOUS HEAD: Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
PRESIDENT: Hassan Rouhani
BRIEF HISTORY:
Until the later half of the 20th century, it was ruled by various dynasties. In the 1970s, an upraising against dynastic ruling, from political and religious organizations, started and spread throughout the country. At this point, the last monarch Mohammad Reza of the Pehalvi Dynasty fled the country on 16.1.1979.
Ayatollah Khomeini, a spiritual leader in exile, returned and assumed power as the Supreme Leader and introduced strict Islamic code of conduct and banned all westernized cultural influence. On 3.6.1989, Khomeini died and Ayatollah Al Khameini became the spiritual leader and continuing. As for the President, democratically elected President Mahmood Ahmedijinad is continuing from 2009.
Q174. What are the major economic resources of Iran?
1. Largest producer of Dates.
2.7.5% of world's oil and 15% of natural gas reserves are there.
3. Emeralds and Gemstones are available in large quantity in Khorassam and Kharman regions of the country.
4. Carpet weaving is a big industry.
Q175. Who was the last dynastic ruler of Iran?
Mohammad Reza of the Pehalvi dynasty.

IRAQ

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Baghdad
AREA: 438317 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Syriac, Arabic, Khurdish
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 25.2 million
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: Dinar
MAJOR CITIES: Baghdad, Basra, Mosul
BORDERS: Iran, Turkey,Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Persian Gulf.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 33 degree 20'N 44 degree 26'E
PRESIDENT: Fuad Masum
PRIME MINISTER: Haider al Abadi
BRIEF HISTORY:
In its early history, it was under the Sumerians, Chaldeans, Nubuchad Nezzar of Babylon, Persians, Arabs and Turkish Ottomaans. After WWI, British occupied Baghdad in 1917.
The present day Iraq was carved out of Ottomann Empire and on 11.11.1920 it was approved by the League of Nations and was named as "State of Iraq" under British protection.
In 1921, facing stiff opposition, the British handed over the powers to EMIR FAISAL as the King who belonged to the SUNNY HASHMITE sect of Muslims. The League of Nations mandate for British control over Iraq ended in 1932.
King Faisal I was succeeded by his son Ghazi in 1933. Ghazi died of a car accident and his minor son Faisal II took over with his uncle Abd al Ilab as the Regent/Administrator.
On 14th July 1958, military leader Brig.Abdul Qareen Qasim and Col. Abdul Salam Arif overthrew the Hashmite dynasty and killed all the royal members, and installed military ruling. After this followed coups and political instability until Saddam Hussein took over through a coup and declared himself as the President in July 1979.
A border dispute with Iran, led to a war, which lasted for 8 years between 1980-88 with no gain for any side except economic constraints.
In July 1990, Iraq annexed Kuwait and declared it as one of its province on 8.8.1990. Despite UN intervention Iraq refused to withdraw from Kuwait. Therefore a unified force of US, UK, Japan and Australia and few other countries attacked Iraq on 17.1.1991. This war was called the "Gulf War" and the operation was codenamed "Desert Storm". Iraq, finally withdrew at the cost of lakhs of its own lives, in April 1991. Despite all these, Saddam Hussein continued in power.
After the 11th September 2001 attack of the twin towers of New York Islamic extremists, made US, Britain, Japan, Australia and few other countries attack Iraq. Iraq's failure or refusal to disclose its nuclear capabilities and UN's disarmament instructions was also an important cause for the combined forces to attack Iraq.In May 2003, the coalition forces occupied Iraq, Saddam Hussein was ousted, imprisoned and later sentenced to death.
US was administering Iraq till 2005 when elections were held. United Iraqi alliance came to power with Jalal Talabani as President of a transitional government, with US forces continuing in Iraq to prevent internal civil war as Saddam Hussein's supporters continue to engage themselves in violence.
Q176. Who is called the "Chemical Ali" in Iraq?
Ali Hassan Al Majid - for his use of poisonous gas against Khurds.
Q177. What was the code name for the US led coalition forces which ousted Saddam Hussein from power?
Desert Storm.
Q178. How was Iraq called earlier?
Mesopatamia
Q179. What are the civilizations attached to these regions?
Mesopatamian and Sumerian.

IRELAND

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Dublin
AREA: 84421 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Irish, English
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 6 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Oireachtas - National Parliament.
CURRENCY: Euro
MAJOR CITIES: Dublin, Cork, Limerick
LOCATION: Island on the Atlantic ocean.
GEOGHRAPHICAL POSITION: 51 deg 56'N, 11 deg 5'W
PRESIDENT: Michael D.Higgins
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was under the rule of Normans, Lordship of Ireland then with Protestant Ascendancy etc., It was united with the Britain in 1801. In 1906, the movement for independence began and lasted for nearly two decades, and also involved lot of violence with the Irish Republican Army actively involved with it. Finally 26 provinces preferred to become independent and thus became independent in 1922 and a Republic in 1949.
The remaining 6 counties or provinces are still with UK. These six counties are in the northern part of Ireland. In 1989, Britain tried to resolve the Northern Ireland issue but SINN FEIN the political wing of Irish Republican Army rejected it and the problem continued till 1998, with violence accompanying the resistance movement.
In April 1998, peace agreement was reached, a split in the IRA took place and status-quo prevailing even now.
Q180. Which animal is rare to be found in Ireland?
Snakes - although it is due to the climatic conditions, it is believed that St.Patrick the patron saint of Ireland, had driven out all the snakes out of Ireland.
Q181. What is the longest river of Ireland?
Shannon.

ISRAEL

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Jerusalem
AREA: 20770 SQKM
RELIGION: Judaism, Islam
LANGUAGE: Hebrew, Arabic
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 7.6 million
LITERACY: 95 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Knesset
CURRENCY: New Shekel
MAJOR CITIES: Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Haifa
BORDERS: Jordan, Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Mediterranean Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 31 deg 47'N 35 deg 13'E
PRESIDENT: Rueven Rivlin
PRIME MINISTER: Benjamin Netanyahu
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was part of the Ottomann Empire. In 1897, the first Zionist Congress proclaimed the decision to establish a homeland for the Jews, when the Nazis persecuted Jews in large numbers. Consequent on this proclamation, Jews immigration from other regions increased in the early 20th century to settle in their homeland.
During the WWII, the British which was having a mandate over Palestine withdrew. Therefore United Nations proposed the partition of Palestine into two states viz: An Arab State and a Jewish State and keeping Jerusalem as a neutral zone under UN.
Jewish occupied area was proclaimed as Zionist state called the Israel. The movement of the declaration was led by David Ben Gurion and the declaration was made on 14.5.1948.
Israel, besides the territory provided for their Jewish state by the partition plan, occupies half of the UN administered Jerusalem, and, much of the region allotted to the Arabs (which is now emerging as Palestine) after the Arab War of 1948.
This is the area contested by the Palestine Liberation Organisation PLO leading to bloody violence with Israel. Thus Israel was born in May 1948. Although it is not maintaining a very cordial relationship with neighbouring countries, internally it maintains peace, good administration and democracy.
Q182. How the people of Israel are called?
JEWS - these community people were the one to suffer the most at the hands of the Nazis during Hitler's rule.
Q183. What is the name/term of the cultivation process by which Israel is able to achieve very high agricultural output?
KIBBUTZIM - meaning collective cultivation, well planned irrigation schemes, reclamation of desert land etc.,
Q184. What is the name of Israeli's Intelligence Agency which is world famous for its efficiency?
MOSSAD.
Q185. How the Independence Day of Israel is called?
YOM HA'ATZAMA'UT.
Q186. Who was the first President of Israel?
Chaim Weizzmann.

ITALY

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Rome
AREA: 301338 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Italian
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 60 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Euro
MAJOR CITIES: Rome, Venice, Naples, Turin, Florence.
BORDERS: France, Switzerland, Austria, Sloevenia, Adriatic Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 41 deg 54'N 12 deg 29'E
PRESIDENT: Sergio Matarello 
PRIME MINISTER: Paolo Gentiloni 
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was under the Roman Empire from 5BC to 5AD. Between 6th century AD to the 16th Century AD it was all in small states, and some areas were under PAPAL states (Christian Missionaries controlled regions by POPE).In March 1861, Italy became a separate country and ROME, a papal state, also joined Italy on September 1870. During WWI Italy remained neutral.
In 1922, BENITTO MUSSOLINI, came to power and allied with Germany and other "Axis " coalition forces in the WWII, in which they faced a major defeat. On 2.6.1940, the monarchy ruling of Italy was abolished and on 1.1.1948, Republic of Italy was proclaimed. Until 1960, Italy had a stable political system and development was achieved in all spheres.
After 1960, corruption scandals, and labour unrest gradually unsettled the politics of Italy. No stable government was formed and the problem of instability continues.Only alliance governments are being formed, even today.
Q187. Venice in Italy is famous for its canals. What is the name of the mode of transport on the canals?
VAPORETTA - a motorized boat transport, connecting about 117 iselands.
Q188. Who founded the city of Rome, according to Roman mythology?
ROMULUS and REMUS - twin sons of priestess Rhea Silvia and Mars the God of War.
Q189. Whicy city lying within Italy, the headquarters of a religious community, a Papal state and holds the status of a country?
A. Vatican.
Q190. What is the national flower of Italy?
Lily.
Q191. Which place is known as the cultural and intellectual centre of Italy?
Florence.
Q192. Which place in Italy is the birthplace of Columbus, the navigator?
Genoa.
Q193. Venice in Italy is made up of......?
117 islands. That is why the water transport system through the canals is very popular.
Q194. Who is called the father of modern Italy?
G.Garibaldi.
Q195. Who was the seven times Prime Minister of Italy?
Giulio Andreotti in different spells.

JAMAICA

CONTINENT: S.America
CAPITAL: Kingston
AREA : 11425 SQKM
RELIGION; Christianity
LANGUAGE: English, Jamaican, Creole
POLITICAL STATUS: Independent
POPULATION: 2.8 million
LITERACY: 90 per cent
CURRENCY: Dollar
LOCATION: Island in the Caribbean Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 17 degree 59'N 76 degree 48'W
CONSTITUTIONAL HEAD: Queen Elizabeth II
GOVERNOR GENERAL: Sir Patrick Allen
PRIME MINISTER: Andrews Holness 
BRIEF HISTORY:
Basically a tribal region occupied by Taino tribals. Columbus arrived here in 1494. Joined the Federation of West Indies UK territories in 1458 and withdrew from it in in 1498 and then the Spanish occupation began in 1509, and remained here till 1655 when British managed to capture it and colonise it till 1961. Gained independence on 6.8.1962 and continues to maintain a politically peaceful situation.

JAPAN

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Tokyo
AREA: 377765 SQKM
RELIGION: Buddhism, Shintoism
LANGUAGE; Japanese
POLITICAL STATUS: Monarchy
POPULATION: 127.9 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Diet
CURRENCY: Yen
MAJOR CITIES: Yokohama, Osaka, Sapporo, Kyoto, Hiroshima, Tokyo
LOCATION: An archipelago on the Pacific Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 35 deg 41'N 139 deg 46'E
EMPEROR: Akihito
PRIME MINISTER: Shinzo Abe
BRIEF HISTORY:
For centuries together it remained a secluded island kingdom ruled by a different kings in different islands. It is believed that the Japanese Empire was founded by emperor JIMMU in 660 BC.
In 1853, Commodore Mathew Perry of USA arrived here and influenced the Japanese to open up trade relations with the outside world which he could achieve only in 1854 on his second trip. Thus in 1871, Japan entered into a Trade Treaty with USA.
In the meantime in 1868, Emperor Meiji, united the entire kingdom and introduced the 'MEIJI CONSTITUTION" and this effort of emperor Meiji is popularly known as 'MEIJI RESTORATION". By the turn of the 20th century, Meiji's rule turned the country into a developed nation in all fields, and became an economic and military major power in the region.
WWII was a major disaster for Japan. Its two cities, HIROSHIMA and NAGASAKI were completely wiped out by US bombing on 6th and 9th August 1945 respectively. Japan came under the western "Allies" control after WWII and remained so until April 18, 1952, when full sovereignty was restored. The western occupation brought in social, economic and political changes including the establishment of the legislative - DIET.
Thereafter no looking back for Japan as it has become the world's second richest nation and a superpower status. However, politically there is some instability with alliance government formation becoming a regular feature.
Q196. Geographically Japan is an..........?
1. Archipelago with about 6852 islands.
2. The following four islands form the majority of the mainland for Japan. i)Honshu (mainland); ii)Hokkaido; iii) Kyushu and iv) Shaikoku.
3. It has a coastline of nearly 26600 Kms.
4. It has about 60 active volcanoes.
Q197. Who is believed to have founded Japan kingdom?
Emperor Jimmu. The first legendary king of Japan.
Q198. Which are the two cities of Japan that were bombed by US during WWII ?
1. HIROSHIMA - At 8.15 AM on 6th August 1945 this city was bombed by B29 bomber " Enola Gay" dropping the atom bomb " Little Boy". 2.NAGASAKI - At 11.02 AM on 9th August 1945 this city was bombed by US bomber with atom bomb named "Fat Man".
Q199. What was Japan's capital before Tokyo?
Kyoto.
Q200. What are the five Ss of Japanese culture?
1. SEIRI - Disposal of unusable items.
2. SEITON - To keep things at the right place.
3. SEISO - To keep everything neat and clean.
4. SEIKETSU - To make laws to avoid accidents and wastage.
5. SHITSUKE -- Proper basic education and discipline.
Q201. Japan is also called as......?
Nippon
Q202. Which region of Japan was recently on March (11th) 2011 was devastated by an earthquake and Tsunami?
Tohoku of Eastern Japan. This devastation has been named as "Great Eastern Japan Earthquake" which measured 9.0 in Richter Scale.

JORDAN

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Amman
AREA: 92300SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Arabic, English
POLITICAL STATUS: Monarchy
POPULATION: 6.4 million
LITERACY: 90 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: Dinar
MAJOR CITIES: Amman, Zarka, Irbid, Salt.
BORDERS: Israel, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 31 degree 57'N 35 degree 56'E
KING: Abdullah II
PRIME MINISTER: Hani Al Mulki 
BRIEF HISTORY:
Early history of Jordan belongs to the Semitic Amorites, Hittites, Egyptians, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arab Muslims, Christian Crusaders, Mameluks, Ottomaan Turks and finally to the British.
After the end of WWI, the present territory of Jordan was ceded to the UK by the League of Nations mandate, thus it was called the "Transjordan" at that time. The British installed Hashemite Prince Abdullah as the King retaining the administration with it.
After nearly three decades of British rule, the country became independent, on 25.5.1946, with monarchy continuing. In May 1967, Jordan signed a mutual defense pact with Egypt and participated in the June 1967 war ( 6 day war) with Israel and the Arab states of Syria, Egypt and Iraq.
During this war only Israel gained control of the West Bank and East Jerusalem which is the main bone of contention and tension with proposed Palestine and Israel.
It did not participate in the 1990-91 Gulf War (Iran - Iraq) which led US to withdraw its aid to Jordan, as its non-participation in the war was an indirect support to Saddam Hussein of Iraq.
As of now the monarchy continues and the PM getting elected democratically.
Q203. What is the major import of Jordan?
Unfortunately, it is drinking water - 90% of its requirement is imported.
Q204. Which dynasty is ruling Jordan?
Hashemite dynasty.

KAZAKHSTAN

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Asthana
AREA: 2717300 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Christianity
LANGUAGE: Kazakh, Russian, English.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 15.5. million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Tenge
MAJOR CITIES: Astana, Karangadda, Chimkent.
BORDERS: Russia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgystan, Turkmenistan, China, Caspian Sea
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 51 deg 10'N 71 deg 25'E
PRESIDENT: Nursultan Nazarbayev
PRIME MINISTER: Bakhytzhan Sagintayev 
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was part of the Great Russian Empire and then USSR. Beginning 1980s, the independence movement began. Attained independence on 16.12.1991 along with a number of other countries, when communism and USSR crumbled.

KENYA

Q205.
III:12 KENYA
CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Nairobi
AREA: 580367 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Christianity, Tribal.
LANGUAGE: Kiswahili, English, Kikuyu, Tribal.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 40 million
LITERACY: 80 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: Shilling
MAJOR CITIES: Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu
BORDERS: Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 1 deg 16'S 36 deg 48'E
PRESIDENT: Uhuru Kenyatta.
BRIEF HISTORY:
Tribal population, was under the rule of Arab, Persians, Portuguese, Oman Kingdom, Christian Missionaries and then became a colony of UK, by the end of the 19th century.
The movement for independence began in 1921. Between 1952-1959, the country was under emergency due to the " MAN MAN REBELLION" against the British colonial rule. Became independent on 12.12.1953 and politically somewhat stable with a multiparty system. Became a republic on 12.12.1964

KIRIBATI

CONTINENT: Australia
CAPITAL: Tarawa
AREA: 811 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Gilbertese, English
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 98000
LITERACY: 90 per cent
CURRENCY: Australian Dollar
LOCATION: An archipelago on the equator Between South and North Pacific Ocean i.e. Southwest Pacific Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 1 deg 28'N 173 deg 2'E
PRESIDENT:  Taneti Mamau .
BRIEF HISTORY:
Comprises of 33 islands, most of which are atolls. These islands were sighted by Thomas Gilbert in 1788. Came under the protection of the British in 1892 and its colony in 1916. Attained independence in July 1979.
Q206. Kiribati is also called as?
Gilbert islands.

KUWAIT

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Kuwait City
AREA: 17820 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Arabic, English
POLITICAL STATES: Republic Emirates.
POPULATION: 3.5 million
LITERACY : 80%
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: Dinar
BORDERS: Saudi Arabia, Iraq - lies on the Persian Gulf.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 29 deg 22'N 47 deg 58'E
PRESIDENT (EMIR) - Sabah al Ahmad al Jaber al Sabah
PRIME MINISTER: Jaber al Mubarak al Hamad al Sabah
BRIEF HISTORY:
A small Arab state, founded in the early 18th century by various clans of the Anaiza people. Among the various tribes, the Al Sabahs were merchants and enjoyed some prominence. Thus Al Sabahs started ruling the country from mid 18th century and continues even today.
In the meantime, the Ottomans of Turkey and British gained control over Kuwait and have been administering it. After the WWI, when Ottomans were defeated, Kuwait was declared as an independent state under British protection.
The NAJD clan of the Ottomans waged a war for power but were defeated by the British. The border dispute with Iraq also got settled by 1923.
Al Sabahs continued to rule. During WWII, British occupied for strategic reasons and the occupation lasted upto 1961. On 10.6.1961, Kuwait was granted full freedom and continues to be ruled by the Emirs of the Al Sabah dynasty.
In 1990, Iraq conquered Kuwait and made it as one of its provinces. This lasted only for a few months, as US sponsored coalition forces removed the Iraqis and restored the rule of Al Sabah.

KYRGYZSTAN

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Bishek
AREA: 1999000 sqkm
RELIGION: Christianity, Islam
LANGUAGE; Khirghiz, Russian
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 5.4 million
LITERACY: Near 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Supreme Council
CURRENCY: Som
MAJOR CITIES: Bishek, Batken, Osh, Chuy, Jalal-abad.
BORDERS: China, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION:  42 deg 52'N 74 deg 36'E
PRESIDENT: Almazbek Atambayev
PRIME MINISTER: Sooronbay Jeenbekov
BRIEF HISTORY:
In their early history, they were under Kalmyks and Turks. It came under Soviet Rule in 1919 and became a Republic within USSR in 1936.
When USSR started crumbling, Kyrgyzstan also became independent on 5.12.1991 and AKSHAR AKAYEV became President and ruled upto 2005, when he had to resign on public protest and revolution named "Tulip Revolution".
Thereafter the country has not been having a stable political situation, though peaceful, only coalition governments have been formed.
Q207. What was the name of the revolution that ousted President Askar Akayev in 2005?
Tulip Revolution.

LAOS

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Vientiane
AREA: 236800 SQKM
RELIGION: Buddhism, Tribal
LANGUAGE: Lao, English, French, Tribal.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 6.8 million
LITERACY: 60 per cent
PARLIAMENT: People's Supreme Assembly.
CURRENCY: Kip
MAJOR CITIES: Savanna Khet, Pakse, Vientiane.
BORDERS: Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, China.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 17 degree 58'N 102 degree 36'E
PRESIDENT:  Bounnhang Vorachith 
PRIME MINISTER: Thongloun Sisoulith
BRIEF HISTORY:
Around the 11th century, it came under the Khmer Empire, then Sukhothai dynasty of Siam (Vietnam). When that dynasty crumbled, Laos became its own kingdom led by Prince Fa Ngum and later went over to various people. King Soulinga was the last to rule for 63 years between 1633 to 1694. After his death and there was no heir to follow, the country split into three with the neighbouring countries taking control overall.
In this process, France intervened and offered protection and later to colonise it by early 18th century. Remained to be a French colony upto 1945 when Japan took control of it during WWII. When Japan was defeated in WWII, the movement for freedom began and achieved by 1953.
Thereafter the country has been one of a political confusion with coups after coups until late 20th century. Some financial aid from US, Thailand and other Asian countries brought some stability and also some political peace and stability.

LATVIA

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Riga
AREA: 64589 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Latvian, Lithuanian, Russian.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 2.2 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Saeima
CURRENCY: Lat
MAJOR CITIES: Riga, Daugarpils, Lie Paja
BORDERS: Lithuania, Belarus, Russia, Estonia, Baltic Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 56 degree 57'N 24 degree 6'E
PRESIDENT: Raimonds Vejonis
PRIME MINISTER: Maris Kucinskis
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was part of the German empire in the 13th century, then Polish and Swedish Kingdom in the 16th century to 18th century. By the end of 18th century it came under the Russian Empire. The independence movement began in the 1900s but could achieve it only by November 1918, after the end of WWI. It was internationally recognized by 1921.
In July 1940, Russia captured Latvia and made it one of the Republics under USSR.For a brief period during WWII, it was occupied by Germany and when Germany faced defeat in the WWII, Latvia was back with USSR.
On September 6, 1991, Latvia regained its independence. Thereafter, the country has been politically peaceful and progressing.

LEBANON

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Beirut
AREA: 10452 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Islam
LANGUAGE: Arabic, French, English.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 4.2 million
LITERACY: 95%
CURRENCY: Pound
BORDERS: Syria, Israel, Med. Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 33 deg 54'N 35 deg 32'E
PRESIDENT:  Michel Aoun
PRIME MINISTER: Saad Hariri 
BRIEF HISTORY:
Its history is one of the oldest with Assyrians, Babylonians, Armenians, Persians, Greeks, Arabs, Ottomanns and the last being the French. When the Ottoman empire collapsed after WWI, the present day of Lebanon was ceded to France by the League of Nations mandate in 1922, and thus remained a French colony.
Gained independence on 22.11.1943. It was a peaceful country until 1975, when a civil war began and lasted for 16 years. The Civil War outbreak was due to conflict between increased Muslim population and the constitutionally guaranteed Christian control of the Government. The Muslims demand was for a fresh census and based on which constitutional changes.
The political difference between the two communities escalated into a full scale civil war. The Civil war came to an end in 1989 through a peace agreement called "TAIF AGREEMENT". In the civil war it was estimated that about 1.25 lakh people died.
In 1990, the Christians waged a war within to gain power when Syria intervened with Military and defeated the Chritians effort, installed a Muslim rule with the consensus of the Arab states.
In 2006, Lebanon entered into a war with Israel over prisoners. Israel caused heavy damages in Lebanon. Even as of 2011, Lebanon is not politically peaceful with internal political disturbances.
Q208. How is Lebanon also known?
"Gem of the Mediterranean".

LESOTHO

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Maseru
AREA: 30355 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Tribal
LANGUAGE: Sesotho, English
POLITICAL STATUS: Kingdom
POPULATION: 2.06 million
LITERACY: 75 per cent
CURRENCY: Loti
BORDERS: Entirely surrounded by South Africa.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 29 deg 28'S 27 deg 56'E
KING: Letsie III
PRIME MINISTER: Pakalitha Mosisili
BRIEF HISTORY:
Basically a tribal population. In 1818, MOSHOESHOE became the King and sought the British protection, and remained in power till 1870.
The movement for freedom began in 1955 and on 04.10.1966 gained independence. Thereafter political instability prevailed with coups and political misunderstanding between factions. In the meantime, the King, who was ousted and went into exile, returned in 1955 but died of a car accident in 1996. His son Moshoeshoe III came to power, named as LETSIE III and continues.
Q209. What is unique about the location of Lesotho?
In the world, it is the only country within a country, entirely covered by South Africa.

LIBERIA

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Monrovia
AREA: 111369 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Islam
LANGUAGE: English, Tribal
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 3.9 million
LITERACY: 45 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: Dollar
MAJOR CITIES: Monrovia, Buchanan.
BORDERS: Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Sierra Leone, N.Atlantic Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 6 degree 19'N 10 degree 48'E
PRESIDENT: Ellen Johonson Sirleaf.
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was a created settlement for freed American slaves in West Africa. Its development was controlled by the American colonization Society until 1837, and renamed the country as Commonwealth of Liberia in 1839.
Attained independence in 1847, and until April 1980, it was politically peaceful. On April 12, 1980, Samuel Doe, a military sergeant seized power and ruled until December 1989. Charles Taylor an ally of Doe staged a rebellion, which turned out to be a Civil War and lasted for 7 years and ended in 1996. When elections were held, Charles Taylor became President.
In 1999 another civil war broke out in North Liberia and another in South Liberia in 2003. This forced Charles Taylor to flee the country in August 2003.After an interim government, when elections were held in October 2003, brought Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, a former World Bank Employee and Finance Minister, became the first democratically elected female Head of State of an African country and continues.

LIBYA

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Tripoli
AREA : 1759541 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Arabic
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic -Socialist.
POPULATION: 6.4 million
LITERACY: 75 per cent
PARLIAMENT: General People's Congress.
CURRENCY: Dinar
MAJOR CITIES: Tripoli, Bengazhi, Misurate.
BORDERS: Tunisia, Algeria, Niger, Chad, Sudan, Egypt and Mediterranean Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 32 deg 52'N 13 deg 11'E
PRESIDENT: Provisional Government.
PRIME MINISTER:  Fayez al Sarraj.
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was under Arab Islamic rule from 642 to 1551 when the Ottoman empire took over to reign upto 1911. Then it was colonized by Italy upto 1951. In December 1951 Libya became independent as a constitutional monarchy under King Idris, the one only to be a king of Libya. He was overthrown by a coup in September 1969, led by Moummar Gaddafi.
Thereafter he was in complete control of the country till February 2011 when popular people's movement in neighbouring countries like Egypt and Tunisia spread here also and turned into a full scale revolt against Gaddafi.
On 26.2.2011 National Transitional Council under the stewardship of Mustafa Abdul Jallil (former minister) to administer the troubled areas which move is considered as a set back to the control of Gaddafi. However, as of May 2011, the government is in suspense, with US and UK also entering the troubled Libya and attacking the Gaddafi's residence and other regions of vital importance.Finally Gaddafi was killed on 20th October 2011 by the revolutionaries. The transitional government continues to rule Libya as of 2012.
Q210. What is the official name for Libya?
Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Jamahiriya means "State of the Masses".
Q211. Who was the last and the only King of Libya?
King Idris.

LIECHTENSTEIN

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Vaduz
AREA: 160 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: German
POLITICAL STATUS: Kingdom- Principality.
POPULATION: 35800
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Franc
MAJOR CITIES: Vaduz, Sachaan
BORDERS: Austria, Switzerland.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 47 deg 08.5'N 9 deg 31.4'E
PRINCE: Hans - Adam II
REGENT: Alois
PRIME MINISTER: Adrian Hasler
BRIEF HISTORY:
The country that derives its name from the dynasty in rule. It is a constitutional monarchy from 1719, with 11 municipalities. It has a mixed constitution in which power is shared by the monarch and an elected parliament. Politically peaceful.
Q212. By area and population, Liechtenstein is......?
One of the smallest country lying between Austria and Switzerland measuring just 160 SQKM - 24 KM North - South and 9 KM East - West. One third of the population are foreigners.

LITHUANIA

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Vilnius
AREA: 65200 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Lithuanian
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 3.24 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Diet - People's Parliament.
CURRENCY: Litas
MAJOR CITIES: Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipeda.
BORDERS: Latvia, Russia, Belarus, Poland and Baltic Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 54 deg 41'N 25 deg 19'E
PRESIDENT: Dalia Grybauskaite
PRIME MINISTER: Saulius Skvernelis 
BRIEF HISTORY:
The first Lithuanians or Liths, were a branch of an ancient group known as the "Balts, whose tribes also included, the original Prussian and Latvian people. Came under the Russian Empire in 1795 and remained so until independence.
During WWI, Germans occupied this territory and lost out in WWI and Lithuania became independent and Republic on 16.2.1918. In 1940, Russia annexed it and made it a Republic under USSR. In 1991, when USSR crumbled, it became independent and Republic in 1991.
Thereafter the country has been progressing and politically peaceful..

LUXEMBOURG

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Luxembourg
AREA : 2586 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Luxembourgish, French, German, English.
POLITICAL STATUS: Kingdom.
POPULATION: 502202
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Euro
MAJOR CITIES: Luxembourg, Petange, Sanem.
BORDERS: Germany, Begium, France.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 49 deg 36'N 6 deg 7"E
KING(Grand Duke): Henri
PRIME MINISTER: Xavier Bettel .
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was under the control of the French and the Great Dutch Empire through the 17th and 18th century. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, it was given formal autonomy by Vienna Congress.
It was occupied by Germans during WW I but liberated by US and France. Germany occupied it again during WW II, removed the monarchy and installed military rule. Rule of Germans was one of anarchy, forced labour and forcefully involved the locals/natives in WW II, resulting in the death of thousands of locals.
When Germany was defeated in WW II, Luxembourg became independent again in 1945. Thereafter the country has been peaceful with Grand Dutch Heir Prince Henry in power.

MACEDONIA

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Skopje
AREA: 25713 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Christianity
LANGUAGE: Macedonian
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 2.11 million
LITERACY: 90 per cent
CURRENCY: Dinar
MAJOR CITIES: Skopja, Bitola, Titovo
BORDERS: Greece, Albania, Serbia, Bulgaria.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 42 deg 0"N 21 deg 26"E
PRESIDENT: G'jorge Ivanov
PRIME MINISTER: Emil Dmitriev 
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was part of the former Yugoslavian Republic and attained its independence in September 1991. The region has changed hands from Romans to Byzantines, Bulgarian Empire, Serbian Empire, Ottoman. . After the dissolution of Ottoman empire it became part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929) which later became a Socialist republic, in 1963. From this, Macedonia got separated and became an independent republic nation in September 1991.

MADAGASCAR

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Antanana Rivo
AREA: 587041 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Islam, Animism
LANGUAGE: Malagasy, French.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 20.6 million
LITERACY: 60 per cent
CURRENCY: Malagasy Franc
MAJOR CITIES: Antanana Rivo, Toamasina, Mahajanga
LOCATION: An island nation on the Indian Ocean - East coast of Africa.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 18 deg 55'S 47 deg 31'E
PRESIDENT: Hendri Rajaonarimampianina
PRIME MINISTER: Olivier Solonandrasana
BRIEF HISTORY:
Portuguese explorer Diego Diaz arrived here in 1500 AD. Later it became a French Colony in 1896 and a French overseas territory in 1946. It was proclaimed as the autonomous Malagasy Republic within the French community and achieved full independence on June 26, 1960.
Thereafter the political scene has not been peaceful due to frequent coups. In 2002 elections were held and Marc Ravalomanana won and became the President. However, in 2009, he was forced to quit by Andry Rajoelina, with military support.
Thus Andry Rajoelina continues as President, though international community is yet to accord recognition. Considered only as a Transitional Government.
It is one of the most poor countries. However, the country is famous for its flora and fauna, as it has the rarest of species in both.

MALAWI

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Lilongwe
AREA: 118484 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Tribal
LANGUAGE: English, Chichewa, Lomwe, Yao
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 15 million
LITERACY: 65%
CURRENCY: Kwacha
MAJOR CITIES: Lilongwe, Blantyre, Mzuzu
BORDERS: Zambia, Mozambique, Tanzania.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 13 deg 57'S 33 deg 42'E
PRESIDENT:  Arthur Peter Mutharika
BRIEF HISTORY:
Basically a tribal population. Came under British protection in 1891 and remained so until its independence in 1964 and became a republic in 1966.
Dr.Banda became its first President. His style of functioning caused wide spread protests ending in a referendum in which BAKILI MUZULI was elected as President in 1994 to continue in power till 2004. He was replaced by Dr. Bingu Wa Mutharika as President. Now Joyce Banda is the President, taking over after the death of Dr.Bingu Wa Mutharika.

MALAYSIA

Q213.
CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Kualalumpur
AREA: 329847 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism.
LANGUAGE: Bahasa Malaysia, English, Chinese, Tamil.
POLITICAL STATUS: Kingdom - Federal.
POPULATION: 27 million
LITERACY: 85 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Dewan Rakyat & Dewan Negara.
CURRENCY: Ringit
MAJOR CITIES: Kualalumpur, Penang, Ipoh
LOCATION: Indian Ocean - Malay Peninsula. Land Borders with Thailand, Indonesia, Brunei.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 3 degree 08'N 101 degree 42'E
KING :  Muhammad V 
PRIME MINISTER: Najib Tun Razak
BRIEF HISTORY:
It is a federation of 13 states. The history of Malaysia can be categorized into three phases, which ran successively and influenced the culture of the people.
In the first phase, it was the domination of Hindu culture of India, through the great SRIVIJAYA empire based in Sumatra, who ruled from 7th to 14th century.
The second phase belonged to the Islamic influence which finally became Sultanate of Kedah, Malacca and Johor between 14th to the beginning of the 16th century.
The third phase belonged to the Europeans - Portuguese to the British which started from early 16th century and lasted till mid 20th century.
British ruling was fully established in 1910. Because of the different stages of ruling the country became a multi-racial one. Became independent in 1957.
Singapore, which was part of Malaysia got separated in 1965.
Tunku Abdul Rehman became the first Prime Minister and remained in power upto 1970. Thereafter, the Prime Ministers are elected democratically although some political squabbles are continuing.

What is the title of the Constitutional Head of Malaysia?
Yang Di Petuan Agong.

MALDIVES

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Male
AREA: 298SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Divehi (Sinhalese Dialect)
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: App.350,000
LITERACY: 95 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Majlis
CURRENCY: Rufiya
LOCATION: Island on Indian Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 4 deg 17'N 73 deg 50'E
PRESIDENT: Abdulla Yameen
BRIEF HISTORY:
It is an archipelago with about 1190 islands of which 200 are inhabited. It was a localized population ruled by Sultans. European contact came in 1528 by Portuguese who remained for 15 years, but left, leaving it to the Sultans to manage.
In the 17th century, the Dutch ruled the country from Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). By the end of 18th century the Dutch were expelled from these islands by the British and brought the island under its control and protection, but allowed the locals to have their own rule.
British protection was made official in 1887 and remained so till its independence on 26.7.1965, without interfering the system of governance by the Sultans. By a referendum in March 1968, Sultan rule was abolished and Republic established with Ibrahim Nasir as its first President.
Thereafter the country is sailing smooth politically with the Presidents getting elected in the democratic way.
In early February 2012, the President Mohammad Nasheed was forced to resign in a bloodless coup and Vice President Mohammad Waheed has been sworn in as President.

MALI

CONTINENT:Africa
CAPITAL: Bamako
AREA: 1240192 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Tribal
LANGUAGE: French, Bambara
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 14.5 million
LITERACY: 46 per cent
CURRENCY: CFA Franc
BORDERS: Algeria, Seneral, Mauritania, Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, Burkino Faso, Niger.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 12 deg 39'N 8 deg 0' 0'W
PRESIDENT: Ibrahim Boubacar Keita
PRIME MINISTER: Modibo Keita 
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was part of the Mali Empire until 15th century, then Shonghai Empire, then Bambara Empire and finally French colonization in 1904 and was named the French Sudan.
In June 1960, it became independent and Republic. Thereafter until 1992 there was political instability and commotion. In 1992 & 2002 elections were held and President elected in a peaceful manner. However, on 23rd March 2012, the President has fled the country in view of a coup by the military and the country is now under the control of the military.

MALTA

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Valetta
AREA: 316 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Maltese, English
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 412966
LITERACY: 95%
CURRENCY: Lira
MAJOR CITIES: Valetta, Birkirkara, Harum, Sleimma
LOCATION: Island on the Med.Sea between Europe and Africa, near Sicily.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 35 deg 53'N 14 deg 30'E
PRESIDENT: Marie Louise Coleiro Preca
PRIME MINISTER: Joseph Muscat
BRIEF HISTORY:
The island country was ruled by Knights of St.John, Ottomanns and then voluntarily came under the British protection in 1800. Became independent in 1964, Republic in 1974. Has an event free peaceful politics.
Q214. Who was the first woman President of Malta?
Agatha Barbara.

MARSHALL ISLANDS

CONTINENT: Australia
CAPITAL: Majuro
AREA: 181 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Marshalese, English
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 62000
LITERACY: Near 100%
PARLIAMENT: Nitijela
CURRENCY; US Dollar
LOCATION: Archipelago on WesternPacific Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 7 degree 7'N 171 degree 4'E
PRESIDENT:  Hilda Heine 
BRIEF HISTORY:
It consists of two major island and chain of atolls. The atolls are called "Ratak" (Sunrise) and "Ralik" (sunset) chains.
These islands were first sighted by Alonso De Salazaar, a Spanish explorer in 1526.The island owes its name to the British Capt. John Marshall who visited here in 1788.
A German trading company settled on the islands in 1885 and slowly it became part of the German protectorate of German New Guinea. During WWI, Japan conquered the islands and administered it under the League of Nations mandate.During WWII US invaded the territory in 1944 and added it to the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
In 1979 Republic was established and complete independence was granted in 1990.
Q215. Which country has a missile testing centre/range in one of the Marshall Islands and what is its name?
USA - The island's name is KWAJELIN ISLAND, an atoll.

MAURITANIA

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Nouakchott
AREA: 1030700 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Arabic
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 3.29 million
LITERACY: 45%
CURRENCY: Ouguiya
MAJOR CITIES: Novakchott, Kaedi, Nouadhibou
BORDERS: Atlantic Ocean, Algeria, Mali, Senegal.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 18 deg 09'N 15 deg 58'W
PRESIDENT: Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
PRIME MINISTER: Yahya Ould Hademine
BRIEF HISTORY:
Basically a tribal population. In the early 20th century it was colonized by France and later became its overseas territory. In 1958, it was granted autonomy and on 28.11.1960 it was granted independence. Moktar Oudh Daddah became the first President and continued till 1978.
On 10.7.1978 Lt.Col. Mustafa Ould and Salekousted led a bloodless coup and ousted President Daddah who went into exile to France. Mohamad Khouna Ould Haidallah became the leader of a military regime which lasted upto 12.12.1984. On 12.12.1984 Maaouya Ould Sidi Ahammad Taya deposed Haidallah and became the President and continued upto 2005 despite opposition and coup attempts.
On 3.8.2005 through a coup Ely Ould Vall deposed Taya and ruled the country till 2006 end. In the 2007 elections Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallah won and he was allowed to continue upto August 2008 only to be deposed by another coup by Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz (current President) who continues in power.

MAURITIUS

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Port Louis
AREA: 2040 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Hinduism, Christianity.
LANGUAGE: French, English, Creole, Hindustani
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 1.28 million
LITERACY: 85 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: Rupee
MAJOR CITIES: Port Louis, Curepipe, Quatre Bornes
LOCATION: Island on South West Pacific Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 20 deg 10'S 57 deg 31'E
PRESIDENT: Ameena Gurib
PRIME MINISTER: Aneerudh Jugnauth .
BRIEF HISTORY:
It is a volcanic island surrounded by coral reefs and lies about 800 Kms east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean.
The island was discovered by the Portuguese in 1507 and colonized it only in 1638. But, abandoned it due to various social and geological adverse conditions. Then, France colonized it in 1715 and remained upto 1810. In 1810, the British took over and controlled it upto 1968.
Attained independence on 12.3.1968 and remains politically peaceful.
Q216. What is the National Flower of Mauritius?
Boncle d' Orielle.
Q217. Mauritius is very famous for which fruit?
Pine Apple.

MEXICO

CONTINENT: N.America
CAPITAL: Mexico City
AREA: 1972550 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Spanish, Amerindian Languages.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 112 million
LITERACY: 90 per cent
CURRENCY: Peso
MAJOR CITIES: Mexico, Monterrey, Peubla
BORDERS: USA, Pacific Ocean, Guatemala, Belize, Caribbean Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 19 deg 03'N 99 deg 22'E
PRESIDENT: Enrique Pena Nieto
BRIEF HISTORY:
The country in its early history was under the Olmec, Teotihuacan, Toltec, Aztec and Mayan civilizations before the arrival of Europeans. It became a Spanish colony in 1521 and remained so till 1821 that is for 3 centuries.
Became independent and Republic in 1821 and 1823 respectively. Sometime later France occupied it and remained until 1867, and became independent and republic again. Porfirio Diaz became President in 1876 and remained till 1911, resigned on public protest, went into exile to France and died there.
Thereafter the country remains politically peaceful and democracy prevails.
Q218. Mexico is famous for.......?
PYRAMIDS - It has the most number of pyramids in the world.

MICRONESIA (Federated States of)

CONTINENT: Australia
CAPITAL: Palikir
AREA: 702 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: English
POLITICAL STATUS: Independent.
POPULATION: About 1.1 lakhs.
LITERACY: 90 per cent
CURRENCY: US Dollar
MAJOR CITIES: Palikir, Weno,Tofol
LOCATION: Archipelago on Western Pacific Ocean.
PRESIDENT: Peter Christian
BRIEF HISTORY:
It has 607 islands in all, grouped into four states forming the federal states of Micronesia, which came into existence from 10.5.1979. Before that it was part of the US Trusteeship Council. Its defence and financial aid is taken care of by US.

MOLDOVA

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Chisinau
AREA: 33846 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Islam.
LANGUAGE: Moldovian (Romanian),Russian, Ukrainian.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 3.5 million
LITERACY: 100%
CURRENCY: Leu
MAJOR CITIES: Chisinau, Tiraspol, Beltsy
BORDERS: Ukraine, Romania
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 47 deg 0'N 28 deg 55'N
PRESIDENT:  Igor Dodon 
PRIME MINISTER: Pavel Filip
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was a Principality of Moldava from 14th century to 1812, when it was ceded to Russia, an outcome of the Russians - Turkish Ottoman settlement.
After the Russian revolution and between 1917-1918, it got unified with Romania. In 1922, it became part of USSR and when Russia and the communism started crumbling, Moldova attained independence on 27th December 1991. Thereafter the country has been sailing smooth politically.

MONACO

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Monaco City
AREA: 1.98 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: French, Italian Monegasque
POLITICAL STATUS: Principality-Monarchy.
POPULATION: 31000
LITERACY: 100%
PARLIAMENT: National Council
CURRENCY: Euro
MAJOR CITIES: Monace, Monte Carlo
LOCATION: A principality within French Territory on the South East with Med. Sea coast.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 43 deg 43'N 7 deg 25'E
HEAD OF STATE:  Albert II
BRIEF HISTORY:
Its early history belongs to Greek, Romans, and Girimaldis except for the period from 1789 to 1814 when it was under French control. It came under the protection of Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815 and remained so till 1861 as per the Congress of Vienna. Its sovereignty was decided in 1861 by France-Monegasque Treaty.
Monaco was ruled by Prince Louis till 1949, then by Prince Rainier III (1949 - 2005) and now by Prince Albert II from 1.4.2005. Politically peaceful.
A treaty between France and Monaco in 2002 clarifies that in the event of there being no heir to carry on the dynasty, Monaco can remain independent or revert back to French control. However, the defence will be the responsibility of France.
Q219. What is the major source of income of Monaco?
Tourism - with attractions like pleasure resorts, Gambling casinos, Monte Carlo and Monaco Formula I Car races, Opera Houses, Hotels etc.,

MONGOLIA

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Ulan Bataar
AREA: 1564115 SQKM
RELIGION: Lamaistic Buddhism
LANGUAGE: Mongolian
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 2.7 million
LITERACY: 85 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Great People's Khural
CURRENCY: Togrog
MAJOR CITIES: Ulan Bataar, Darhan, Erdenet
BORDERS: China, Russia
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 47 deg 55'N 106 deg 53'E
PRESIDENT: Tasakhiaglin Elbegdorj
PRIME MINISTER: Jargaltulgyn Erdenebat
BRIEF HISTORY:
One of the world's oldest country. It was ruled by the Great Mongolian Empire until it crumbled by the end of 13th century. Then it came under the Chinese Yuan (1271 to 1368), then under the Ming Dynasty upto 18th century, and finally with Qing Dynasty upto 20th century early years.
In 1920, it became a separate state of Mongolia and proclaimed its independence in 1921, duly supported by Russia. Thereafter the governments have been alternating between Communism and democracy, but politically peaceful.

MONTE NEGRO

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Podgorica
AREA: 13812 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Islam.
LANGUAGE: Serbian, Montenegrin.
POLITICAL STATUS: Independent.
POPULATION: 666700+
LITERACY: 65% per cent
CURRENCY: Euro
MAJOR CITIES: Podgorica
BORDERS: Adriatic Sea, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Serbia, Albania.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 42 deg 47'N 19 deg 28'E
PRESIDENT: Filip Vujanovic
PRIME MINISTER: Dusko Markovic
BRIEF HISTORY:
It is a sovereign principality from the late middle ages and came into the Ottoman empire control. Attained freedom from Ottoman in 1878 and from 1918 it was part of Yugoslavia in its different formations. Finally attained independence from Yugoslavia on 3rd June 2006.

MOROCCO

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Rabat
AREA: 710850 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Arabic, Berber, French, Spanish
POLITICAL STATUS: Monarchy
POPULATION: 32 million
LITERACY: 65 per cent
CURRENCY: Dirham
MAJOR CITIES: Rabat, Fez, Marrakech.
BORDERS: Mauritania, Algeria, North Atlantic Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 34 deg 02'N 6 deg 51'E
KING: Mohammed VI
PRIME MINISTER: Abdelillah Benkiraneh
BRIEF HISTORY:
The region was part of the Roman Empire and then came under the Arab rulers from 7th century and thus Islam came to stay here. It was ruled by Idrisids, Maghrawas, Almoravida, Almohads, Marinids, Waddasids, Saadis and finally Alanoite Dynasty from 1659. Between 30.3.1912 to 2.3.1956 it was under French protection when Mohammed V was installed as the King, continuing the Alanoite dynasty, which continues to rule.
Q220. What is unique and famous about the city of Marrakech?
Also called the "Al Hamra" or "Red City" because all buildings are colored with "Ochre" or "Red" colors of wall coating.
Q221. What is Morocco's major mineral export?
Phosphate - world supplier.
Q222. Which dynasty is ruling Morocco?
Alanoite.

MOZAMBIQUE

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Maputo
AREA: 801590 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Christianity
LANGUAGE: Portuguese, Bantu
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 22.8 million
LITERACY: 65 per cent
PARLIAMENT: People's Assembly
CURRENCY: Metical
MAJOR CITIES: Maputo.
BORDERS: South Africa, Swaziland, Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania, Indian Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 25 deg 57'S 32 deg 35'E
PRESIDENT: Filipe Nyusi 
PRIME MINISTER: Carlos Agostinho do Rosario
BRIEF HISTORY:
A tribal region explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498, colonized by Portugal in 1505.The independence movement began in 1964 and attained its freedom from Portugal on 25.6.1975. However, civil war between two political factions started and continued till 1991 leading to political instability. From 1993, democratic process has taken over and elections are held regularly.
Q223. What is the name of the first President of Mozambique who was killed in an Air crash?
Samora Machael.

MYANMAR

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Naypyidaw (Yangon)
AREA: 676578 SQKM
RELIGION: Buddhism
LANGUAGE: Burmese, Karen, Shan, Jingpho, Kayah
POLITICAL STATUS: Independent
POPULATION: 55.4 million
LITERACY: 85 per cent
CURRENCY: Kyat
MAJOR CITIES: Yangon, Naypyidaw, Mandalay, Bassein
BORDERS: Bangladesh, India, China, Laos, Thailand, Bay of Bengal.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 19 deg 45'N 96 deg 6'E
PRESIDENT: Htin Kyaw
BRIEF HISTORY:
Its early history belongs to Pyu Kingdom, Pagan Kingdom, Ava dynasty, Pegu dynasty, Toungoo dynasty and finally Kona Baung dynasty.
The Kona Baung dynasty captured Assam in 1820s. Their further advance resulted in the three Anglo-Burmese Wars in 1824,1852 and 1885 when British completely routed the dynasty rule in Burma and made it a province of British India and a colony.
Burma was separated from India in 1937. During WW II Japan occupied Burma in 1942, but was routed and chased out of Burma by the British and continued its rule over Burma. Attained its freedom on 4.1.1948. But political peace was eluding. In 1960 elections were held and UNU became the Head of State.
However, in March 1962, NE WIN took over the power in coup, established a single party rule, new constitution in 1974 and became the President to continue upto 1981 when he chose to retire. Thereafter, martial law by SAW MAUNG, despite an election result in favour of National League Party in 1990, continued upto April 1982 when he stepped down.
Gen. Than Shwe took over and continues the martial law, despite world wide protests, sanctions etc and kept all the major political leaders, including AUNG SAN SUU KYI, daughter of Genl. Aung San - a Nobel Peace Laureate 1991 - under house arrest. The political situation has improved in the recent past and democracy is being restored with the release of Aung San Suu Kyi whose party has won a sizeable number of seats in the elections held in 2010. 
In 2015 general elections were held and Aung San Suu Kyi's political party National League for Democracy obtained majority. After some constitutional confusions in installing Aung San Suu Kyi as President, Htin Kyaw has been installed as President in March 2016.
Q224. What was the earlier name of Myanmar?
Burma
Q225. How is Myanmar also called?
" Rice Bowl of the Far East " and " Land of Pagodas".
Q226. Which Mughal Emperor's mausoleum is located here in Myanmar?
BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR - the last Mughal emperor of India, who was exiled to Myanmar by the British, died here in 1862 and was buried at Yangon.

NAMIBIA

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Windhoek
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: English, German, Tribal
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 2.1 million
LITERACY: 80%
CURRENCY: Dollar
MAJOR CITIES: Windhoek
BORDERS: Angola, Zambia, Botswana,South Africa, South Atlantic Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 22 degree 34.2'S 17 degree 5.167'E
PRESIDENT: Hage Hengob 
PRIME MINISTER: Saara Kuugengelwa Amadhila 
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was basically a tribal population ruled by different people upto 1884, when it became a German colony and came to be known as German South West Africa.After the WWI, it was ceded to South Africa under the League of Nations mandate.Attained independence on 21.3.1990 and remains politically peaceful.

NAURU

CONTINENT: Australia
CAPITAL: Yaren
AREA: 21.1 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: English, Nauruan
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 9300+
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Australian Dollar
LOCATION: Island on South Pacific Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 0.527288 degree S 166.936724 degree E
PRESIDENT: Baron Waqa
BRIEF HISTORY:
One of the smallest country occupied by native Micronesian and Polynesian Tribes. Germany occupied this land in 1888 and made it into Germany's Marshall Islands Protectorate. In 1914, it came under the control of Australia.
In 1920, it became a Trusteeship country under Britain, New Zealand and Australia under the League of Nations mandate. For a brief period Japan occupied it in 1942 and when it lost out in WWII, the land came back to UK's Trusteeship Council control.
Became independent and Republic on 31.3.1968. Though small in size with small population the country has not been peaceful politically.
Q227. As a Republic, Nauru is the .......?
Smallest in the world.

NEPAL

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Kathmandu
AREA: 147181 SQKM
RELIGION: Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam
LANGUAGE: Nepali, Maithri, Bhojpuri
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 29 million
LITERACY: 50 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Prati Nidhi Sabha
CURRENCY: Rupee
MAJOR CITIES: Kathmandu, Biratnagar, Lalitpur
BORDERS; India, China
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 27 degree 42'N 85 degree 19'E
PRESIDENT: Vidhya Devi Bhandari.
PRIME MINISTER: Sher Bahadur Deuba
BRIEF HISTORY:
In its early history, the region was under the control of Shakhyas, Mauryas, Guptas, Malla dynasty. The modern day Nepal was created in the later half of 18th century by uniting various small tribal chieftain regions into one single kingdom by Prithvi Narayan Shah.
However, the King Shah could not sustain his efforts to contain or expand his kingdom due to the British and finally had to cede some territories, including SIKKIM to the British after the Anglo Nepalese War of 1816 in exchange for his own territorial autonomy.
Thus, Nepal remained an untouched area by the British, not only for this arrangement, but also due to the mountainous geographical conditions.
After the war of 1816, political instability followed. A military leader Jung Bahadur suppressed all upraisals and founded the Rana Dynasty kingdom. His friendly attitude towards British helped him to continue the Kingdom. This Rana dynasty rule, which started around 1846, continued till December 2007, when due to public upraisal the monarchy was abolished and democracy installed.
Although democracy was installed, the political scene has not been peaceful with political infighting and frequent change of leaders till 2012 and a democratic constitution is eluding implementation..

Q228. What is unusual about Nepali's financial calendar?
Unlike the regular practice of April First as the beginning of Financial year, Nepal's financial year begins on July 1.
Q229. Who established the dynastic rule in Nepal that began in 1768 and ended in December 2007?
Prithvi Narayan Shah, a Gorkha King on 21.12.1768.
Q230. Who was the last king of Nepal's monarchy which came to an end in May 2008?
Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev.
Q231. Who became the first Prsident of Republic Nepal?
Ram Baran Yadav, from 23.7.2008
Q232. What is unique about Nepal's National Flag?
It is triangular in shape - combination of two single pennons - the only one to be so in the world.

NETHERLANDS

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Amsterdam
AREA: 41848 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Dutch
POLITICAL STATUS: Kingdom
POPULATION: 16.6 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Staten General
CURRENCY: Euro
MAJOR CITIES: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Ulrecht
BORDERS: North Sea, Belgium, Germany
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 52 deg 19'N 05 deg 33'E
CONSTITUTIONAL HEAD: Willem Alexander
PRIME MINISTER: Mark Rutte
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was part of the Great Roman Empire. In 1433, the present day Netherlands and Belgium were united by the Duke of Burgundy and after series of rulings by different factions, countries and Kingdoms, the present day Netherlands became a monarchy under William I as King in 1818 which was then called the United Kingdom of Belgium (including).
Belgium left the federation in 1830 and became an independent country.
In 1848, under a new constitution the country continues to be a monarchy with limited powers to the king and more and exhaustive powers to the Parliament.Politically peaceful and a developed country.
Q233. What is geographically unique about Netherlands?
The country is plainland with just an average height of 11 meters above sea level. Much of the land, is however, below sea level and is protected by Dykes for a distance of about 2400 Kms.
Q234. What are the external territories of Netherlands?
1. ARUBA : On the Caribbean Sea - 193 SQKM - population 70000 - self ruled from 1954. 2. NETHERLANDS ANTILLES: Group of islands in the Caribbean Sea - forming part of the leeward and windard groups. Self ruled from 1954.
Q235. Netherlands is the leading exporter of?
Dairy Products.
Q236. City of Amterdam is famous for?
Diamonds.
Q237. What distinction Rotterdam port holds?
It is the world's second largest port, in terms of tonnage.
Q238. Capital of Netherlands is Amsterdam. But, the government functions from?
The Hague.

NEWZEALAND

CONTINENT: Australia
CAPITAL: Wellington
AREA: 268021 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: English, Maori
POLITICAL STATUS: Independent
POPULATION: 4.3 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Dollar
MAJOR CITIES: Wellington, Auckland, Christchurch, Hamilton
LOCATION: Tasmanian Sea of South West Pacific Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 41 deg 17'S 174 deg 27'E
CONSTITUTIONAL HEAD: Queen Elizabeth II
GOVERNOR GENERAL: Dame Patsy Reddy 
PRIME MINISTER: Bill English
BRIEF HISTORY:
The earliest known inhabitants were Polynesians, who are now called Maoris.The earliest European landing here commenced by Abel Tasman in 1642 and later in 1769/70 Capt. James Cook arrived here.
In 1840, British took control of the islands. It comprises of two major islands called North and South and few smaller islands. New Zealand was founded in 1840 by the "Treaty of Waitangi" between British and Maori Chiefs later to become a British colony.
Self governance was granted in 1852 and British "Dominion" status in 1907 and continues. Politically peaceful.
Q239. What are the external territories of New Zealand?
1. COOK ISLAND: 241 SQKM - Population 20000 - came under New Zealand in 1901 - self rule granted in 1965. 2. NIUE: 259 SQKM - Population 2500 - self rule from 1974 - It is the largest uplifted coral island in the world. 3. THE ROSS DEPENDENCY: 414400 SQKM of Antarctica region came under New Zealand control in 1923. 4. TOKELAU: 10 SQKM - came under New Zealand control in 1925.
Q240. How else New Zealand is also called?
"Land of the Long White Cloud"
Q241. In relation to politics, what unique record New Zealand holds?
First country to grant voting rights to women.
Q242. Which animal is rare to be found in New Zealand?
Snakes.
Q243. February 4th is observed as "Waitangi Day" in New Zealand. What is it?
On this date in 1840, the "Treaty of Waitangi" was signed between the British and the native Maoris, giving birth to the country New Zealand.
Q244. New Zealand has another name. What is it?
AOTEAROA - meaning land of the long white cloud.
Q245. Which Indian origin was appointed as the Governor General of New Zealand in August 2006?
A.Judge Anand Satyaanand.

NICARAGUA

CONTINENT: America
CAPITAL: Managua
AREA: 130373 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Spanish, English
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 5.8 million
LITERACY: 75 per cent
CURRENCY: Cordoba
MAJOR CITIES: Managua, Leon, Granada
BORDERS: Costa Rica, Honduras, Caribbean Sea, N.A.Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 12 deg 9'N 86 deg 16'W
PRESIDENT: Daniel Ortega
BRIEF HISTORY:
Basically a native American tribal population, Spanish settlements were created in 1524. Then, it came under Mexican Empire.
Attained independence in 1821 and became a Republic in 1838. Thereafter and until 1936 the political situation was one of unrest and commotion. From 1936 to 1979 it was ruled by SOMOZA dynasty. In 1979, the dynasty collapsed and Daniel Ortega became President to remain upto 1990. Thereafter the political situation has been peaceful.

NIGER

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Niamey
RELIGION: Islam, Tribal
LANGUAGE: French, Hausa, Djerma
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 15.3 million
LITERACY: 30 per cent
CURRENCY: CFA Franc
MAJOR CITIES: Niamey, Zinde, Maradi.
BORDERS: Nigeria, Benin, Burkino Faso, Mali, Algeria, Libya, Chad.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 13 deg 32'N 2 deg 05'E
PRESIDENT: Mahamadou Issoufou
PRIME MINISTER: Brigi Rafini
BRIEF HISTORY:
Its early history belongs to Songhai, Mali, Gao, and Kanem Bornu Empires.Became a French colony in 1922 and attained independence on 3.8.1960. HAMINI DIORI ruled from 1960 to 1974 under a single party rule.
By a coup, Col. Seymi Kountche came to power and ruled till his death in 1987. Col. Ali Saibou took over and installed a transition government which lasted until 1993. In the elections held in 1993, Mahamane Ousmane formed a coalition government, had its own internal problems. At this point Col. Ibrahim Base Mainessara deposed the President and installed martial law and rule. He was assassinated in April 1999.
Major Danoudou Malan Wanke took over and effected a transition civilian rule with changes in the constitution accepted by the people in 1999. Thereafter, due process of elections in 1999, 2004 brought in some political stability. But when the term of the President ended in 2009, the incumbent President Nindja tried his best to extend his term through constitutional changes, but was arrested by the military and sent to prison for corruption charges.
After some political confusions, Constitutional crisis and military ruling, between 2009 and 2011, Mhamadou Issoufou assumed charges as President in April 2011.

NIGERIA

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Abuja
AREA: 923768 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Christianity
LANGUAGE: English, Hansa, Iba, Yoruba
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 152 million
LITERACY; 65 per cent
CURRENCY; Naira
MAJOR CITIES; Abuja, Lagos, Ibadon.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 9 deg 4'N 7 deg 29'E
BORDERS: Gulf of Guinea, Benin, Chad, Niger, Cameroon.
PRESIDENT: Muhammadu Buhari .
BRIEF HISTORY:
Its early history belongs to Yoruba, Igbo, Edo, Savamna and Kanum Borno kingdoms. In 1901, it came under the protection of British, became a British colony in 1914, attained independence in 1960 and a Republic in 1963.
Thereafter for 33 years, politically it was the worst that can be described upon, with 7 coups and military rule. In the elections held in 1999, OLESEGUN OBASANJO became the President and continued till 2007. In the 2007 elections, Umaru Yar Adua became President and ruled until his death in May 2010. Upon this, Dr. Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as President and continues.
Q246. Which place in Nigeria is called the Intellectual centre of Nigeria?
Ibadan.

NORTH KOREA

CONTINENT: Asia
AREA : 120540 SQKM
RELIGION: Buddhism, Confucianism
LANGUAGE: Korean
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 24 million
LITERACY: 95 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Supreme People's Assembly
CURRENCY: Won
BORDERS: China, Russia, S.Korea
MAJOR CITIES: Pyongyang, Hamhung, Chongjin, Sinuiju, Nampho, Kaesong, Wonsan.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 39 deg 2'N 125 deg 45'E
SUPREME LEADER : Kim Jong Un
PRIME MINISTER: Pok Pong Ju
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was a unified single Korea before 1945 and Japan was ruling the country until the end of WWII. In the WW II Japan lost out badly. Seizing the opportunity US occupied southern part of Korea and Russia the northern portion.
As both US and Russia could not reach an agreement in joint management of a single Korea, led to the formation of South and North Korea. The dividing line being 38th Parallel. Territorial dispute between the two Koreans resulted in full scale war for 3 years between 1950 and 1953 (Korean War). UN intervention brought an end to the war with a "no man's land" or "Demilitarized Zone" separating the two Koreas.
Having been under Russia for some time, the Communist ideologies play a major role in the administration of North Korea even today.
KIM II SUNG ruled from 1948 to 1994 (death) and his son KIM JONG follows as the Chairman of the single party rule - Korean Workers' Party. KIM II SUNG is affectionately called the "Eternal Leader" and his son KIM JONG is called the "Dear Leader".
Q247. How is North Korea also known?
Hermit Kingdom.
Q248. Who was the first and only woman PM of North Korea?
Huan Myung Sook.

NORWAY

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL; Oslo
AREA; 385252 SQKM
RELIGION; Christianity
LANGUAGE; Norwegian
POLITICAL STATUS; Monarchy
POPULATION: 4.9 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Storting
CURRENCY: Krone
MAJOR CITIES: Oslo, Bergen, Trondhein.
BORDERS: Sweden, Finland, Russia, Norwegian Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 59 degree 56'N 10 degree 41'E
KING: Harold V
PRIME MINISTER: Erna Solberg
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was in bits and pieces ruled by different small kings belonging to the Vikings. Then the unification process took place. First it became part of the Scandinavian Union, which was also called the "Kalmar Union" from 1396 to 1536. Then it became part of the Denmark Union from 1536 to 1814. Then it came under the Sweden Union and remained upto 1905.
Attained independence in 1905 and King Haken VII assumed the throne. Excepting a brief period of occupation by Germans between 1940-1945 during WWII, the country has been politically peaceful.
As of now, King Harold V is in power.
Q249. What are the dependencies of Norway?
1. Svalbard - 62700 SQKM 2. Jan Mayen - 380 SQKM 3. Bouvet Island - 60 SQKM 4. Peter I Island - 249 SQKM 5. Queen Maud Land.
Q250. How is Norway also called and why?
" Land of the Mid Night Sun". In the North Cape area, the Sun does not set from mid of May to the end of July, nor does it rise above the horizon, from the end of November to the end of January.
Q251. For what reason the city of Oslo in Norway is famous for?
OSLO - hosts the annual Nobel Prize Award ceremony on 10th December annually.

OMAN

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Muscat
AREA: 309500 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Arabic
POLITICAL STATUS: Kingdom - Sultanate.
POPULATION: 2.8 million
LITERACY: 75 per cent
CURRENCY: Rial
BORDERS: Yemen, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Gulf of Oman
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 23 deg 36'N 58 deg 33"E
HEAD OF THE STATE & GOVERNMENT: SULTAN: Qaboos bin Said al Said
Dy. PRIME MINISTER: Fahad bin Mahmood al Said
BRIEF HISTORY:
It is believed that Islam came to be adopted here in the 7th century AD during the lifetime of HH Prophet Muhammad.
Excepting for occupation by Portuguese between 16th to mid 17th century (1650), it was ruled by the Kings of the Said dynasty. British also had some control over the territory in the 19th century, but the Sultans were allowed to rule, which improved the diplomatic and trade relations between them.
The name Sultanate of Oman was adopted in 1970. The "Said" dynasty continues.
Q252. What is the external territory of Oman?
Kuria Muria islands.
Q253. Which dynasty is ruling Oman?
Said.

PAKISTAN

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Islamabad
AREA: 796095 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Urdu, English, Punjabi, Pushto, Baluchi, Brahvi, Sindhi.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 170.6 million
LITERACY: 60 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: Rupees
MAJOR CITIES: Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar.
BORDERS: Arabia Sea, Gulf of Oman, India, China, Iran, Afghanistan.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 33 deg 40'N 73 deg 10'E
PRESIDENT: Mamnoon Hussain
PRIME MINISTER: Nawaz Sharif.
BRIEF HISTORY:
Its history prior to 14.8.1947 goes along with India, as it is born out of India. It was partitioned from India on 14.8.1947. After independence, it remained as a British dominion and became Republic on 23.3.1956.
Pakistan functions under a federal parliamentary system, but its political situation has not been unfortunately peaceful and democratic during most period due to series of coups, military rules, political differences and so on.
The first to start the series of coups was Field Marshall Ayub Khan in October 1958. Introduced Presidential form of Government in 1962 and remained in power till 1969 when he was ousted by Genl. Yahya Khan, to become the President.
In 1970, elections were held. In the West Pakistan, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Pakistan People's Party) came victorious while in the East (now Bangladesh) Mujibur Rehman's Awami League came victorious. The demand of East Pakistan for power sharing in the Government was negatived by the West, which led to civil unrest and full scale war with East and West Pakistan. India intervened militarily, and helped East Pakistan liberation from West and the birth of Bangladesh in 1971.
In the West Pakistan (now only Pakistan) Z.A.Bhutto came to power and remained in power as PM till 1977 when he was ousted by public protests for alleged rigging of 1977 elections.
In the process, Genl. Zia Ul Haq took over, installed military rule, arrested and executed Z.A.Bhutto (for the murder of a political opponent) and continued the military rule until his death in an air crash on 17.8.1988. Parliamentary senate chairman Ghulam Ishaq Khan took over as President and imposed emergency.
In November 1988 elections were held and Benazir Bhutto (daughter of Z.A.Bhutto) won and became the PM and Ghulam Ishaq Khan got elected as the President.
Benazir was dismissed in August 1990 and Nawaz Sharief became the PM only to be dismissed in 1993. Again Benazir came to power, only to be dismissed again in November 1996. Assembly was dissolved and MM Khalid was appointed as caretaker PM.
In February 1977, Nawaz Sharif became PM again. Political and administrative differences between the Government and Chief of Military, Gen. Pervez Musharraf took over and installed military rule and Nawaz Sharif wento in exile to Saudi Arabia. He was also sentenced to 25 years life term jail for the charge of hijacking and terrorism involving the flight of Gen. Musharraf. Thus Gen. Musharraf continued the military rule and proclaimed himself as the President.
In 2008, bowing to international pressure Genl. Musharraf ordered for elections in 2008. Benazir Bhutto who returned to Pakistan to contest the elections, was killed by a terrorist attack on 27th December 2007, that is two weeks prior to the elections.Nawaz Sharief the former PM, who was in exile also permitted to return to contest the elections.
The elections did not bring any decisive mandate. Hence, a coalition government led by Yousaf Reza Gilani was formed, with Asif Ali Zardari as President. Consequent on this, Gen. Musharraf resigned as President. In 2012 Yousaf Reza Gilani had to resign following the dictum of the Supreme Court.
Q254. What is Pakistan occupied Kashmir?
Immediately after independence and separation from India, Pakistan waged War against India in 1948 and occupied a portion of North and South Kashmir measuring an area of 84160 SQKM. This region is the bone of contention for the past six decades and is called the "Pakistan occupied Kashmir". Its capital is Muzzafarabad, having its own Parliament, Supereme Court, PM and President etc., The region suffered one of the worst earth quakes on 8th October 2005.
Q255. How did Pakistan get its name?
It is derived from the names of (P)unjab, (A)fghan, (K)ashmir, (S)ind, and Baluchi(stan).
Q256. Who coined the word Pakistan?
Chaudhari Rahmat Ali.
Q257. What is unique in the birth of Gen. Pervez Musharraf and Indian PM Manmohan Singh?.
A.Gen. Musharraf was born in Delhi while Dr. Mahmohan singh was born in Lahore.
Q258. Pakistan being an Islamic state with limited freedom for women who are the first two women Air Force Pilots of Pakistan Air Force?
1. Mariam 2. Saira.
Q259. Who was the first Sikh to become Armyman in Pakistan?
Harcharan Singh.
Q260. Who was the first President of Pakistan?
ISKANDER MIRZA - a descendant of Mir Zafar, who played a treachery against the Nawab of Bengal in the Battle of Plassey which laid the foundation for British India to come.
Q261. Who was the first PM of Pakistan?
MUHAMMAD ALI ZINNAH - His real name is Jinnah Bhai Mohammad Ali. He was also known as "Qaid - e Azam". He practiced law at Bombay.
Q262. Who was the last Governor general of the Dominion of Pakistan?
ISKANDER MIRZ

PALAU

CONTINENT: Australia.
CAPITAL: Melekeok
AREA: 459 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Palauan, English
POLITICAL STATUS: Independent
POPULATION: 20800+
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Congress
CURRENCY: US Dollar
LOCATION: Western Pacific Ocean Near Philippines.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 7 degree 21'N 134 degree 28'E
PRESIDENT: Tommy Remengesau
BRIEF HISTORY:
An archipelago consisting of 26 islands and about 300 islets.
British came here in 18th century followed by Spanish in the 19th century. After the defeat in the Spanish American War, Spain sold Palau and other islands forming Caroline Islands to Germany in 1899. Japan occupied it during WWI in 1914 and US occupied it during WWII in 1944.
It passed on to the US hands in 1947 as UN Trusteeship territory of the Pacific. The entire territory got divided into two states of Micronesia and Palau. Palau attained its independence in 1978, became a Republic in 1981, but still remained under US Trusteeship. On 1.10.1994 attained full freedom.

PANAMA

CONTINENT: Australia.
CAPITAL: Melekeok
AREA: 459 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Palauan, English
POLITICAL STATUS: Independent
POPULATION: 20800+
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Congress
CURRENCY: US Dollar
LOCATION: Western Pacific Ocean Near Philippines.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 7 degree 21'N 134 degree 28'E
PRESIDENT: Juan Carlos Varela
BRIEF HISTORY:
An archipelago consisting of 26 islands and about 300 islets.
British came here in 18th century followed by Spanish in the 19th century. After the defeat in the Spanish American War, Spain sold Palau and other islands forming Caroline Islands to Germany in 1899. Japan occupied it during WWI in 1914 and US occupied it during WWII in 1944.
It passed on to the US hands in 1947 as UN Trusteeship territory of the Pacific. The entire territory got divided into two states of Micronesia and Palau. Palau attained its independence in 1978, became a Republic in 1981, but still remained under US Trusteeship. On 1.10.1994 attained full freedom.
Q263. Before becoming a country, Panama was......?
A district of Colombia until 1903/1991.
Q264. Currency of Panama is named after?
Balboa - discoverer of Pacific Ocean.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Port Moresby
AREA: 462840 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: English, Hiri Motu, Tok Pisin
POLITICAL STATUS: Independent
POPULATION: 6.9 million
LITERACY: 75 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Parliament
CURRENCY: Kina
MAJOR CITIES: Lae, Port Moresby, Madang, Wawek
BORDERS: Indonesia, Arafura Sea of Indian Ocean, S.W.Pacific Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 9 deg  30'S 147 degree 07'E
CONSTITUTIONAL HEAD: Queen Elizabeth II
GOVERNOR GENERAL: Michael Ogio
PRIME MINISTER: Peter O'Neill
BRIEF HISTORY:
Papua New Guinea comprises the eastern half of New Guinea Island while the other half is Indonesian territory. (Island of New Guinea is the 2nd largest island in the world).
The northern half of Papua New Guinea was occupied by the Germans during 19th century and remained upto mid 20th century. Thus it was called German New Guinea then. During WWI Australia occupied the southern region of Papua New Guinea. After the WWI, both Germans and Australians occupied territories came under Australian control under League of Nations mandate. Thus, the two regions were merged to make it one country called Papua New Guinea.
Attained independence from Australia in 1975. Excepting for some minor political disturbances, the country has been smooth sailing.

PARAGUAY

CONTINENT: S.America
CAPITAL: Asuncion
AREA: 406752 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Spanish, Gurrani
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 6.3 million
LITERACY: 75 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Congress
CURRENCY: Guarani
MAJOR CITIES: Asuncion, San Horenzo, Encarnacion
BORDERS: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 25 deg 16'S 57 deg 40'S
PRESIDENT: Horacio Cartes
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was a Spanish colony and attained independence on May 14, 1811. Though there was political stability thereafter and upto 1930, instability followed upto the end of 1940s.
In 1954, Gen. Alfredo Strocessner took power and ruled upto 1989, when he was ousted by a military coup by Gen. Andres Rodriguez and ruled upto 1993. Thereafter democracy returned to the country and election process continues democratically.

PERU

CONTINENT: S.America
CAPITAL: Lima
AREA: 1285216 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Spanish, Quechua, Aymara
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 29 million
LITERACY: 90 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Congress
CURRENCY: Neuvo Sol
MAJOR CITIES: Arequipa, Lima, Callao
BORDERS: Chile, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 12.2 deg 6'S 77 deg 1.7W
PRESIDENT: Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
PRIME MINISTER: Fernando Javala Lombardi 
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was a Spanish colony from 1531 and became independent in 1821. From thereon and until 1980, it was sort of a military rule and coups one after another. From 1980, democratic political process settled in and elections were held on the due time, although there were some politically manageable problems.
Q265. Peru is the world's leading producer of...........?
Silver.
Q266. Who was the first woman PM of Peru?
Beatrice Marino.
Q267. Which civilization arose from Peru?
Moch civilization.

PHILIPPINES

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Manila
AREA: 299764 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Islam.
LANGUAGE; Filipino, English, Spanish.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 97 million
LITERACY: 95 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Congress
CURRENCY: Peso
MAJOR CITIES: Manila, Zuezon, Davao
LOCATION: Archipelago on the South China Sea/North Pacific Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 14 deg 35'N 121 deg 0'E
PRESIDENT: Rodrigo Duterte
BRIEF HISTORY:
It is an archipelago comprising of 7107 islands.
Ferdinand Magellan arrived here in 1521 and it became a Spanish colony in 1565.
It became independent only after the "Philippine Revolution" in 1896, and became a Republic in 1898. However, the control of the territory was made over to US under the Treaty of Paris at the end of the Spanish American War.
Partial self government was granted in 1905 and full independence in 1946. There have been some political confusions, martial law for 7 years between 1972-1979, imposed by Ferdinand E. Marcos and a revolution (EDSA REVOLUTION) against Joseph Estrada the President in 2002, the political scene is not satisfactory. Joseph Estrada was replaced by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in 2002 who ruled upto 2010.In the elections held in May 2010, Benigno Aquino III came out successful and became the President.
Q268. Philippines is named after?
King Phillip II of Spain.
Q269. Ferdinand Magellan, the famous explorer died here in Philippines. How?
He was slained (killed) by the Chieftain of LAPU LAPU tribals on the Matacan island of Philippines.
Q270. Who is considered as the National Hero of Philippines?
JOSE RIZAL - a reformist and a visionary.
Q271. Name the world's rarest and most expensive sea-shells found in Philippines?
CONUS GLORIAMARIS or GLORY OF THE SEA.
Q272. What is unique about the BASILICA OF SAN SEBASTIAN in Philippines?
It was entirely built in steel, next only to Eiffel Tower of Paris.
Q273. CAMIGUIN province of Philippines is geologically unique for what reason?
Has more number of volcanoes per SQKM than any other island on earth. 7 volcanoes as against 5 towns.
Q274. Which city of Philippines is an indicator of the earlier Spanish presence?
INTRA MURAS - a walled city in Manila with Spanish churches and other land marks for three centuries. Spanish is also widely spoken here.
Q275. Joseph Estrada was President of the Philippines during 2002. What was he previsously?
Actor, Mayor, Senator, Vice President.

POLAND

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Warsaw
AREA: 312685 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Polish
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 38 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Sejm
CURRENCY: Zloty
MAJOR CITIES: Warsaw, Lodz, Krakow
BORDERS: Baltic Sea, Germany, Czech, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 52 deg 13'N 21 deg 02'E
PRESIDENT: Andrez Duda
PRIME MINISTER: Beata Szydio
BRIEF HISTORY:
Piast and Jagiellon dynasty ruled the country between 1385 to 1569. Between 1569 to 1795, it belonged to monarchy ruling by different kings as a Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. 1715 to 1918 belonged to the Napoleonic regime followed by Russian Empire. Attained independence on 30.11.1918, confirmed by Treaty of Versailles in 1919.
In 1941, Germans fully occupied Poland and this was the major cause for WWII. After the WWII, when Germans lost and left Poland, communism took over.
The communist rule received widespread protests and led to the formation of a movement called the 'SOLIDARITY' movement by LECH WALESA , later to win a Nobel Peace Prize in 1989. The Government in power negotiated and an election was held in 1989 in which Lech Walesa's Solidarity Movement came to power and he became the President, restoring democracy to the country. Thereafter the elections are held democratically and the country is peaceful.
Q276. AUSCHWITZ in Poland is notorious for?
Nazi Germany's largest concentration and extermination camp. Around 2.5 million people are believed to have died here.

PORTUGAL

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Lisbon
AREA: 92090 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Portuguese, Mirandese
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 10.6 million
LITERACY: 90 per cent
CURRENCY: Euro
MAJOR CITIES: Lisbon, Opporto, Amadoro
BORDERS: Atlantic Ocean, Spain
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 38 deg 46'N 9 deg 9' W
PRESIDENT: Marcelo Rebelo Sousa 
PRIME MINISTER: Antonio Costa
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was an independent kingdom ruled by different dynasties like Burgundy, Aviz, Habsburg and Braganza from 12th to 20th centuries. In 1910 Republic was proclaimed. However, between 1932 to 1968, it came under dictatorship by Antonio De Oliviera Salazar. Became Republic again in 1930. Thereafter the democratic process and due elections have taken over.
Q277. What are the external territories of Portugal?
1.AZORE ISLANDS - 2248 SQKM - lies in Atlantic Ocean. 2. MADEIRA ISLANDS - 795 SQKM - North East Coast of Africa.

QATAR

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Doha
AREA: 11437 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Arabic, English
POLITICAL STATUS: Monarchy-Emirates
POPULATION: 1.6 million
LITERACY: 85%
CURRENCY: Rial
BORDERS: Saudi Arabia, Persian Gulf
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 25 deg 18'N 51 deg 31'E
EMIR: HH Thamim Bin  Hamad  Al Thani.
PRIME MINISTER: Abdulla Bin Naser Bin Khalifa Al Thani
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was all along under Al Khalifa dynasty rule, then Ottomanns and then came under the British control by 1934. Attained independence on 3rd September 1971.
Q278. Which dynasty is ruling Qatar?
Al Thani.

ROMANIA

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Bucharest
AREA: 238391 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Romanian, Hungarian, German
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 21.9 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: Leu
MAJOR CITIES: Bucharest, Brasov, Timisoara
BORDERS: Bulgaria, Serbia, Hungary, Ukraine, Moldova
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 44 deg 25'N 26 deg 06E
PRESIDENT: Klaus Lohannis
PRIME MINISTER: Dacian Ciolos
BRIEF HISTORY:
The modern day territory of Romania was formed in 1859 and proclaimed its independence from the Ottomann's Turkey in 1878. Became a Kingdom in 1881 with DOMNITOR CAROL as the first King of Romania. After the WWI, when the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires crumbled, some regions like Transylvania, Bessarabia and Bukovina were united with Romania to be known as Greater Romania, which remained united between WWI and WWII. However, in 1940 these regions were ceded back to Hungary and Russia.
This loss of territory led to the down fall of the then King Carol II replaced by military leader/dictator ION ANTONESCU. In 1944, Mihail (son of King Carol II) arrested his father and captured the power with the army under the control of the Russian Red Army.
After WWII, Russians occupied Romania and thus came the formation of Communist People's Republic in 1947 and the King Mihail went into exile. Communist rule continued upto 1989.
Popular people's upraisal against the communist rule and the President Coalescu, made the President to flee. But was captured and executed on 25.12.1989. Thereafter regular elections were conducted in a democratic way. Presently the country is facing some financial difficulties.

RUSSIA

CONTINENT: Asia/Europe
CAPITAL: Moscow
AREA: 17075400 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Uzbek, Armenian, Georgian, Azerbeijani.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 144 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Duma
CURRENCY: Ruble
MAJOR CITIES: Moscow, Samara, St.Petersburg
BORDERS: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, N.Korea, Arctic Ocean, Sea of Japan.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 55 deg 45'N 37 deg 37'E
PRESIDENT: Vladimir Putin
PRIME MINISTER: Dmitry Medvedev
BRIEF HISTORY:
By the turn of the 18th century, Russia was a great empire from its north Pacific Ocean territory to Poland in the East. Prior to this, it was under Slavic Tribes, then it was Kievan Rus State, then the Mongols. By early 14th century, Moscow was founded which later became the seat of the Great Russian Empire. In the 16th century the great TSAR Kings were ruling, followed by ROMANOV TSARS, which together lasted upto 1917.
By around 1915/16 economic crisis, transformed into a major revolution known as "October Revolution" (1917), which brought Lenin and Stalin to the political front. Between 1917-1921 the country was affected by a civil war between the Bolsheviks, the Russians and the Whites.
In 1922, USSR - Union of Soviet Socialist Republic was formed with about 15 republics within. However, this federation disintegrated in 1991, giving birth to a number of independent countries. After this it is now known as RUSSIA.
Q279. How was Russia known earlier?
Russian Empire, Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR)
Q280. Who were the notable rulers of the Tsar dynasty from 1533 to 1924?
1. Ivan the Terrible 1533-1584; 2. Peter I or Peter the Great - 1682-1725; 3. Nicholas II - 1861-1905
Q281. Who were the famous and notable modern day politicians of Russia?
1. Nicholai Lenin 1917-1924; 2. Josef Stalin 1925- 1953; 3. Leon Trotsky 1917-1922; 4. Nikhita Kuruschev 1953-1964; 5. Breszhnev 1964-1982; 6. Gorbachev 1985-1991.
Q282. During whose rule the disintegration of USSR began and ended?
Gorbachev - 1985 to 1991 was the period of beginning and ending of the disintegration.
Q283. Who was the first Russian ruler to be called as Tsar?
Ivan
Q284. Who was the first leader of USSR upon formation?
Vladimir Lenin.
Q285. Russia is spread across which two continents?
Asia and Europe. Largest by area.
Q286. Which Russian President of the USSR adopted the "Glasnost" and "Perestroika" policies?
Michael Gorbachev.
Q287. What does "Glasnost" and "Perestroika" mean?
GLASKNOST - transparency in government activities. PRESTROIKA - restructuring of political and economic activities within the Communist Party.
Q288. In which city Vladimir Lenin's body is still preserved?
Moscow.

RWANDA

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Kigali
AREA: 26338 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Islam
LANGUAGE: French, Swahili, English.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 11 million
LITERACY: 62 per cent
CURRENCY: Rwandan Franc
MAJOR CITIES: Kigali, Ruhungeri, Butare.
BORDERS: DR Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 1 deg 56.633'S 30 deg 3.567'S
PRESIDENT: Paul Kagame
PRIME MINISTER: Anastase Murekezi
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was part of the Belgian Trusteeship of Rwanda-Burundi Union in Central Africa, which later became two separate countries - Rwanda and Burundi.
Rwanda became independent on 1.7.1962. Thereafter the country has undergone the worst political unrest with two tribals - TUTSI AND HUTU - warring against each other for power and any political peace was eludiong for decades. Some sort of peace was restored in 2000 and President Kagame formed a transitional government and later won the 2003 and 2010 elections to continue as President. The country is slowly turning to peace and prosperity.

SAMOA

CONTINENT: Australia
CAPITAL: Apia
AREA: 2831 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: English, Samoan
POLITICAL STATUS:Independent
POPULATION:179000
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Fono
CURRENCY: Tala
LOCATION: Island on South Pacific Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 13 deg 50'S 171 deg 45'W
HEAD OF STATE: Tufuga Efi
PRIME MINISTER: Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi.
BRIEF HISTORY:
It consists of two islands - SAVAAI and UPOLU. A tribal region which came into contact with outsiders only in 1830. Three countries viz. US, UK, & GERMANY showed interest in the islands, established their trading posts and slowly gained control over the region and displaced the tribal kingdom, each of them having their own regional control.
Around the end of WWI, August 1914, New Zealand captured Samoa. Thus the region came to be administered by New Zealand under the League of Nations mandate, under UN Trusteeship.
Attained independence on 1.1.1962 and Susuga Malicota Tanumafili as President for life and remained in power until his death in 2007. Thereafter the country turned to republic. In the elections held in 2007 Tufuga Efi (Tuiatua Tupua Tamasese Efi) became Head of State and continues.
Q289. How the Head of State is known in the local language of Samoa?
O le Ao O le Malo.

SAN MARINO

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: San Marino City
AREA: 61.2 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Italian
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 31000+
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Grand General Council
CURRENCY: Euro
BORDERS: An enclave within Italy.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 43 deg 56'N 12 deg 26'E
HEAD OF GOVERNMENTS:CO - REGENTS OR CAPTAIN REGENT:  Marino Riccardi  &  Fabio Berardi 
BRIEF HISTORY:
World's smallest republic and also world's oldest republic. It was under Italy's control until its independence in 1971.
Q290. An uncommon practice, who heads the Government in San Marino?
The Government is headed by two co-regents elected once in 6 months from the two houses of the councils. This practice is followed from 1243 AD.

SAHRAWI ARAB DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: El Alauin
AREA : 266000 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Arabic, Spanish
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 502500+
CURRENCY: Sahrawian Pesata
LOCATION: Western Sahara
PRESIDENT: Brahim Ghali 
PRIME MINISTER: Abdel Kader Taleb Oumar
BRIEF HISTORY:
The SADR is largely an unrecognized state that does not currently control the majority of its claimed territory, former Spanish Western Sahara. It was formerly a Spanish colony between 1884-1975. It proclaimed its independence on 27.2.1976 by the POLISARIO FRONT, a Sahrawian movement for independence.
Currently Morocco administers the majority of the territory as its southern provinces, the rest controlled by SADR as free zone.

SAO TOME & PRINCIPE

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Sao Tome
AREA: 1001 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE; Portuguese, Tribal.
POPULATION: 163000
LITERACY: 75 per cent
CURRENCY: Dobra
LOCATION: Island near Gulf of Guinea in South Atlantic Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 0 degree 20'N 6 degree 44'E
PRESIDENT:  Evaristo Carvalho 
PRIME MINISTER:  Patrice Trovoada 
BRIEF HISTORY:
Lies on the Equator. Hence, experiences very hot weather and heavy rains. 60% of the land is covered by forests. Sao Tome and Port Principe are the large islands.Portuguese arrived here by mid 15th century and colonized it. Attained independence in July 1975. Thereafter democratic process has been successful.

SAUDI ARABIA

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Riyadh
AREA: 2149690 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Arabic, English
POLITICAL STATUS: Kingdom, Emirates.
POPULATION: 27.13 million
LITERACY: 70 per cent
CURRENCY: Saudi Riyal
MAJOR CITIES: Riyadh, Jeddah, Mecca, Madina, Damman
BORDERS: UAE, Oman, Yemen, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Red Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 24 deg 39'N 46 deg 46'E
HEAD OF STATE: Emir: Salman Bin Abdul Aziz
CROWN PRINCE:  Mohammad Bin Salman 
BRIEF HISTORY:
The state was founded in the year 1744 by late King Abdul Aziz al Saud. The present day Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by uniting four tribal provinces -Hejaz, Asir, Najd and Al Hasa.

Q291. Saudi Arabia is the largest exporter of......?
Oil
Q292. What are the two most religious Islamic places located in Saudi Arabia?
MECCA and MEDINA - located in the Hejaz province. Medina houses the Tomb of Prophet Mohammad who died here in 632 AD.
Q293. Which dynasty is ruling Saudi Arabia?
Al Saud
Q294. What message is printed on the National Flag of Saudi Arabia?
" There is no God but Allah; and Muhammad is his Prophet".

SENEGAL

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Dakar
AREA: 196723 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: French, Wolof and Tribal.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 13.7 million
LITERACY: 45 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: CFA Franc.
MAJOR CITIES: Dakar, Thies, Kaolack, St. Louis
BORDERS: Gambia, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Mauritania, Mali, Atlantic Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 14 deg 40'N 17 deg 25'W
PRESIDENT: Macky Sall
PRIME MINISTER: Mohammed Dionne
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was a French colony from the mid 15th century. It became independent as part of a Federation with MALI and French Sudan in June 1960. However, the federation broke down and proclaimed its own independence in September 1960. Joined another federation with Gambia in 1981 and it was called SENEGAMBIA.
In September 1989 the federation broke down and Senegal became independent again in 1989. Unlike few other African nations, this country has been politically peaceful.

SERBIA

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Belgrade
AREA: 88361 SQKM
RELIGION : Christianity
LANGUAGE: Serbian
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 7.3 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Serbian Dinar
MAJOR CITIES: Belgrade, Nis, Novisad, Kragujevac.
BORDERS: Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 44 deg 48'N 20 deg 28'E
PRESIDENT: Tomislav Nikolic
PRIME MINISTER: Ivica Dačić


BRIEF HISTORY:
Serbs settled here around the 6th century and by 14th century it became an empire. In the 16th century, it was captured by the Ottoman. In early 18th century, the Serbians reestablished their kingdom, this time a constitutional monarchy. After WWI, Serbia formed Yugoslavia with other Slavic people which existed in several forms upto 2006, when Serbia regained its independence , separating itself from the Serbia and Montenegro federation.

SEYCHELLES

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPAITAL: Victoria
AREA: 451 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Creole, English, French
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 84000
LITERACY: 90 per cent
PARLIAMENT: People's Assembly
CURRENCY: Rupee
LOCATION: An archipelago of 115 islands on the Indian Ocean 1500 Kms to the East of Africa and liest north East of Madagascar.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 4 deg 37'S 55 deg 27'E
PRESIDENT:  Danny Faure 
BRIEF HISTORY:
It is an archipelago of about 115 beautiful islands.
These islands, which were mostly uninhabited, was captured by France in 1768 and colonized. In 1814 it was officially transferred to British under Treaty of Paris.
In August 1903, it became a separate colony and became independent on 29.6.1976, under the British Commonwealth of Nations. The first President was Sir James Mancham, was ousted by Franc Albert Rene and ruled from 1977 to 1993. During the end of his rule, he brought in democratic changes and the country proceeds further smoothly.

SIERRA LEONE

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Free Town
AREA: 71740 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Islam, Tribal
LANGUAGE: English
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 6.2 million
LITERACY: 40 per cent
CURRENCY: Leone
BORDERS: Liberia, Guinea, Atlantic Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 8 deg 29.067'N 13 deg 14.067'W
PRESIDENT: Ernest Bai Koroma.
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was a British colony since the end of 18th century. Became independent on 27th April 1961. Excepting for a brief period of political disturbance between 1967 -1971 and in May 1997, the political scene has been somewhat peaceful. This brief period of political disturbance has been too severe on the development of the nation. It has made nearly 10% of the people to flee the country and some thousands have perished.
Q295. What does "Sierra Leone" mean?
" Mountain of the Lion". This name is given by the Portuguese sailors on account of the thunderstorms around its coasts.

SINGAPORE

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Singapore City
AREA: 710.2 SQKM
RELIGION: Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Taoism.
LANGUAGE; Malay, Chinese, Tamil, English.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 4.9 million
LITERACY: 95 per cent
CURRENCY: Dollar
LOCATION: Malay Peninsula - Archipelago on Indian Ocean - close to Malaysia.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 1 deg 17'N 103 deg 50'E
PRESIDENT: Tony Tan Keng Yam
PRIME MINISTER: Lee Hsien Loong.
BRIEF HISTORY:
One of the smallest densely populated but most prosperous country in the world. It has 63 islands in its territory.
In its early history, Sri Vijayan dynasty of South India ruled here, then the Sultanate of Malacca and Sultanate of Johor. In 1613, Portuguese destroyed the island port and the Sultanate. Then it came under Dutch and the British and slowly the entire territory came under British occupation.
The modern day Singapore was established by Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles on 6.2.1819. Became a crown colony with effect from 1.4.1867. In 1963, it was federated with Malaysia. But on 9.8.1965, got separated and became an independent country and republic.
Yusuf Bin Ishak was the first President and Lee Kwan Yew became the first PM and remained in power for 31 years. Politically stable and peaceful and economically very sound country.
Q296. Who founded the modern day Singapore?
Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles.
Q297. The name Singapore is derived from.......?
Sanskrit - SINGA = Lion and PORE = City.
Q298. Which Indian language is an official language of Singapore?
Tamil.
Q299. Which place in Singapore is known as "Little India"?
Serangoon Road.
Q300. Which strait separates Singapore from Malaysia?
Strait of Johor.

SLOVAKIA

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Bratislava
AREA: 49035 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Slovak, Magyar
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 5.4. million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Euro
MAJOR CITIES: Bratislava, Bauska, Bystrica, Zilina.
BORDERS: Czech, Austria, Hungary, Ukraine, Poland.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 48 deg 09'N 17 deg 07'E
PRESIDENT: Andrez Kisca
PRIME MINISTER: Robert Fica .
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was part of Czechoslavakia until 31.12.1992. Became a separate state on 1.1.1993. The other history of the country is similar to that of Czechoslavakia.
Q301. What is the unusual geographical tourist attraction of this country?
Underground ice and icicle caves. DEMONOVSKA - Cave of Freedom is one the largest cave and tourist attraction.

SLOVENIA

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Ljubljana
AREA: 20273 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Slovenian
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 2 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Euro
MAJOR CITIES: Ljubljana, Maribor, Celje, Kranj
BORDERS: Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Italy, Adriatic Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 46 deg 03'N 14 deg 30'E
PRESIDENT: Borut Pahor
PRIME MINISTER: Miro Cerar
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and Yugoslav Republic before becoming independent on 25.6.1991. As an independent country, politically peaceful, excepting for its ethnic violence with Croats and Serbs which is also now settled and peaceful.
The Slovens settled in this territory between 6th and 8th century with Germans dominating from 9th century. In 1918, the unification of Slovens, Croats and Serbs took place and Yugoslav Republic formed, from which Slovenia took birth.

SOLOMON ISLANDS

CONTINENT: Australia
CAPITAL: Honiara (on Guadalcanal Island)
AREA: 28400 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: English
POLITICAL STATUS: Independent
POPULATION: 523000
LITERACY: 55 per cent
CURRENCY: Dollar
LOCATION: South West Pacific Ocean -East of Papua New Guinea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 9 deg 28'S 159 deg 49'E
CONSTITUTIONAL HEAD: Queen Elizabeth II
GOVERNOR GENERAL: Frank Kabui
PRIME MINISTER: Manasseh Sogavare
BRIEF HISTORY:
These islands were discovered by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa in 1568. British extended its protection to the entire archipelago of Solomon Islands, consisting of about 1000 islands, from 1893. The name "Solomon Islands" was given from mid 1975.
Self governance was accorded in January 1976 and full independence in January 7.7.1978. It remains under the Commonwealth Realm of UK. Between 1997-2003 the country was under severe ethnic conflicts. Australia, with multinational forces, intervened and restored peace. Democratic process is still to settle in well.

SOMALIA

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Mogadishu
AREA: 637657 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Somali, Arabic, English
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 9.3 million
LITERACY: 40 per cent
PARLIAMENT: People's Assembly
CURRENCY: Shilling.
MAJOR CITIES: Mogadishu, Hargeisa, Baoida, Burao
BORDERS: Djibouti, Kenya, Gulf of Aden, Yemen, Indian Ocean, Ethiopia.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 2 deg 02'N 45 deg 21'E
PRESIDENT: Hassan Sheikh Mahmood
PRIME MINISTER: Abderashid Ali Sharmarke
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was under the Ottomann Empire, and when it crumbled in the 19th century, the country came under Italy and British and finally under the Trusteeship of Italy in 1950.
Attained independence in 1959. Thereafter, it was total political chaos, leading to fleeing of people to neighbouring Kenya, starvation deaths due to famine and for other economical reasons.
In 1999, UN declared this country as " a black hole of anarchy". A country with totally unstable political situation and does not have any framework and guiding factor. There is not much of appreciable changes in its political situation.

SOUTH AFRICA

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: 1. Pretoria (Executive); 2. Cape Town (Legislative); 3. Bloemfontein (Judicial)
AREA: 1221037 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Hinduism, Islam & Tribal.
LANGUAGE: English & 11 African Languages.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic.
POPULATION: 49.9 million
LITERACY: 85 per cent
CURRENCY: Rand
MAJOR CITIES: Pretoria, Johannesburg, Durban.
BORDERS: Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Swaziland, Indian & Southern oceans.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 30 deg S 25 deg E
PRESIDENT: Jacob Zuma.
BRIEF HISTORY:
Lies at the southern tip of Africa. Basically a tribal population and its history beigns with the arrival of Europeans like Portuguese, then the Dutch and finally the British who colonized it.
The arrival of the British and their occupation resulted in the "Anglo Boer War" in which British won and settled down to create a colony. At the beginning of the 20th century in 1910, the country became a Union of South Africa by amalgamating Cape Colony, Natal and two other Dutch (Boer Republics).
In 1948, the National Party came to power with apartheid as its main platform and continued to suppress the Blacks and Asian origin people. The African National Congress was founded in 1912 by John Dube, Pixley Seine and Sol Palatji and started fighting against apartheid.
African National Congress Youth League was formed in 1944 and Nelson Mandela who led the movement, was imprisoned and jailed for 27 years. He was released in July 1992.
The opposition against apartheid, by the African National Congress, external diplomatic pressures and isolation from outside world, forced the then government led by F.W.DeClerk to repeal its apartheid policy and released Nelson Mandela.
The first multiracial elections was held in 1994 in which African National Congress won It is the richest country in Africa.and Nelson Mandela became the President, ending the apartheid and bringing in democracy.
Q302. South Africa is the largest producer of?
Gold, Diamonds and also Uranium.
Q303. With which country South Africa played its first international cricket series after returning to international scene?
A.India 1992-93.

SOUTH KOREA

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Seoul
AREA: 100210 SQKM
RELIGION: Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism.
LANGUAGE; Korean.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 48.8 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Won
MAJOR CITIES: Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Daegu, Daejeon.
BORDERS: China, Japan, North Korea, East China Sea, South Pacific Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 37 degree 35'N 127 degree 0'E
PRESIDENT: Park Guen Hye   (as of December 2016 stands suspended) 
PRIME MINISTER: Hwang Kye-ahn  (as of December 2016 acting President)
BRIEF HISTORY:
Upto the point of separation, the history of both Korea is the same. Unlike North Korea, South Korea had to undergo autocracy, democracy, military and then finally to Republic and democracy.
On 15.8.1948, South Korean Republic was formed with Syngman Rhee as the first President. His autocratic rule ended by public force on 26.4.1960, followed by couple of coups and military ruling which lasted till 1992.
In 1992 KIM YOUNG SAM and in 1997 KIM DAE JUNG came to power through democratic elections. KIM DAE JUNG took some efforts to reconcile with North Korea. His efforts were called the "Sun Shine Policy" and got him the Nobel Peace Prize in 2000. At present politically peaceful.
Q304. How the unifying efforts of South and North Korea by its former President Kim Dae Jung is called?
Sun Shine Policy.
Q305. Capital Seoul was earlier called as?
Hanseong.

SPAIN

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Madrid
AREA: 504750 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity.
LANGUAGE: Spanish, Catalan, Basque.
POLITICAL STATUS: Kingdom.
POPULATION: 46 MILLION
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Cortes Generales.
CURRENCY: Euro
MAJOR CITIES: Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville.
BORDERS: Portugal, France, Andorra,North Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 40 deg 26'N 3 deg 42'W
KING: Felipe VI
PRIME MINISTER : Mariano Rajoy
BRIEF HISTORY:
Columbus discovered the region by 1492. Like the British and Portuguese, Spain was also one of those great empires who colonized a number of African and other countries.
In its early history, it was ruled by Viogothic Hispania, Al Andalus, the Huns, and then the Bourbons upto 18th century. Then upto mid 20th century, there was indecisiveness in the political situation.
Between 1936-39, a period of civil war due to ideological differences between the left and right political functionaries. Seizing the opportunity of local situation, Genl. Francisco Franco of Morocco waged a war and captured Spain and established a dictatorship which lasted from 1939 to 1975, when Franco died.
King Carlos took over and established a monarchy in 1975 which continues even now. In 1982, democratic reforms were made keeping the monarchy intact. A well organized, developed and economically sound country.
What is the famous sporting attraction of Spain?
Bull Fight.
Q306. What is the famous annual festival of Spain, using a vegetable fruit?
TOMATINA - throwing tomatoes at each other in the town of BUNOL held on the last Wednesday of August.
Q307. What is the famous dance form of Spain?
Flamanco.

SRI LANKA

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Colombo
AREA: 65610 SQKM
RELIGION: Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Islam.
LANGUAGE; Sinhala, Tamil, English.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 20 million
LITERACY: 90 per cent
CURRENCY: Rupee
MAJOR CITIES: Colombo, Kandy, Jaffna, Galle.
LOCATION: Island on Indian Ocean -Close to India.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 6 deg 54'N 79 deg 54'E
PRESIDENT: Mahinda Rajapakse
PRIME MINISTER: Ranil Wickramasinghe .
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was previously known as Lanka, Sinhala Deepa, Seelam, and Ceylon (till 1972),when it was changed to Sri Lanka. In ancient days it was also known as Taprobane and Serendip.
Its early history begins with Sinhala Vijaya Kingdom around 543 BC. The entire region was ruled by 7 different kings at different times. Portuguese Francisco de Almeida the first to arrive here in 1505. Later in the mid 17th century the Dutch arrived here and had the entire island under their control.
At the beginning of 19th century the Dutch ceded the entire territory except Kandy, (which was under a King) to the British. In 1815, the British won over Kandy and entire island became a Crown Colony. On 4.2.1948 became independent and in May 1948 became a Republic.
Thereafter the country has been having regular democratic elections, though there were some problems of stable majority governments.
The major problem the country faced was the Tamil Eelam separatist movement for an independent Tamil State in the eastern part of Sri Lanka, where the Tamils were the majority. There were a few such organizations, but the important and the most powerful organization was LIBERATION TIGERS OF TAMIL EELAM (LTTE) led by V. Prabakaran which lasted for nearly 25 to 30 years, in which thousands of lives were lost.
India also deputed a Peace Keeping Force in 1987 and withdrew it in 1989 when Rajiv Gandhi was the PM. Finally, beginning 2009, the Sri Lankan Government decided to put an end to the problem with its own military and succeeded in wiping out the LTTE including the killing of their elusive leader Prabakaran.
Q308. Which Sri Lankan Prime Minister holds the record of being the first woman PM in the world?
Sirimavo Bandaranaike.
Q309. What is the name of the organization that fought for nearly three decades for a Tamil State and who headed the organization?
LTTE - LIBERATION TIGERS OF TAMIL EELAM - led by V. Prabhakaran
Q310. What is the major agricultural produce of this country?
Tea and Rubber - leading exporters.
Q311. What was Sri Lanka's earlier name?
Ceylon till 1972.
Q312. How the administrative capital of Sri Lanka is called?
Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte.
Q313. What is the name of the Norwegian Special Envoy who initiated and strived hard to bring some peaceful solutions between Sri Lankan Government and LTTE?
Eric Solheim
Q314. Which city of Sri Lanka is known as "City of Five Hills"?
KANDY - It is also a pilgrimage centre for all Buddhists, Sinhalese and Tamilians.

ST.KITTS & NEVIS

CONTINENT: S.America
CAPITAL: Basseterre
AREA: 261 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: English, Patois
POLITICAL STATUS: Independent.
POPULATION: 51000+
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: EC Dollar
LOCATION: Caribbean Sea of North Atlantic Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION:17 deg 18'N 62 deg 44'W
CONSTITUTIONAL HEAD: Queen Elizabeth II
GOVERNOR GENERAL: Sir S W Tapley Seaton
PRIME MINISTER: Timothy Harris.
BRIEF HISTORY:
St. Kitts also called St. Christopher, and Nevis are two islands separated by a channel of 3.2 Kms wide known as "The Narrows".
In 1967, it became an associate state of UK and independent on 19.9.1983. Continues under UK's constitutional control and politically peaceful.

ST. LUCIA

CONTINENT: S.America
CAPITAL: Castries
AREA: 616 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: English, French Patois.
POLITICAL STATUS: Independent.
POPULATION: 173700+
LITERACY: 80 per cent
CURRENCY: EC Dollar
LOCATION: Caribbean Sea of Atlantic Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 14 deg 1'N 60 deg 59'W
CONSTITUTIONAL HEAD: Queen Elizabeth II
GOVERNOR GENERAL: Dame Pearlette Louisy
PRIME MINISTER: Allan Chastanet 
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was a French colony from 1660 to 1814 and then came under the British. Became independent on 22.2.1979 as a Commonwealth State under UK and continues.Politically peaceful.
Q315. How is St. Lucia also called?
"Helen of the West".

ST.VINCENT & THE GRENADINES

CONTINENT: N.America
CAPITAL: Kingstown
AREA: 389 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: English, French Patois
POLITICAL STATUS: Independent
POPULATION: 120000
LITERACY: 100%
CURRENCY: EC Dollar
LOCATION: Caribbean Sea - North Atlantic Ocean
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 13 deg 10'N 61 deg 14'W
CONSTITUTIONAL HEAD: Queen Elizabeth II
GOVERNOR GENERAL: Sir Frederick Ballantyne
PRIME MINISTER: Ralph Gonsalves.
BRIEF HISTORY:
French were the first settlers here and to colonise it. From the early 18th century it was under French control and alternated between French and British, finally to settle under British control in 1783 and colony status from 1877 under the Treaty of Paris. Became independent in October 1979 and continues under the constitutional control of UK.

SUDAN

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Khartoum
AREA: 1886068 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Christianity, Tribal.
LANGUAGE: Arabic, English, Dinka, Dubian.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 30.8 million
LITERACY: 60 per cent
NATIONAL EMBLEM: Secretary Bird.
CURRENCY: Sudanese Pound
MAJOR CITIES: Khartoum, Omdurman, Port Sudan.
BORDERS: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Red Sea, Egypt, Libya, Chad, CA Republic, South Sudan (7 countries)
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 15 deg 38'N 032 deg 32'E
PRESIDENT: Omar-al-Bashir
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was under the Turkish empire. In 1899, it came under the dual control of Britain and Egypt, with British dominating the administration and policies. By the end of 19th century it became a full British colony. Attained its independence on 1.1.1956.
Although politically some what peaceful, the internal disturbances between the Christians and Muslims continues to be a problem. The Southern region, which has been struggling for decades for separation from it, was separated on 9th July 2011 as a fully independent state to be called as South Sudan.

SOUTH SUDAN

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL : Juba.
AREA: 619745 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Islam
LANGUAGE: Zende, Bari, English
POLITICAL STATUS: Independent
POPULATION: 8260940
LITERACY: 60%
CURRENCY: South Sudanese Pound
MAJOR CITIES: Juba
BORDERS: Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, DR Congo, Central African Republic, Sudan (6 countries)
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 04 deg 51'N 31 deg 36' E
PRESIDENT: Salva Kir Mayadirt
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was part of Sudan. The separation struggle (First Sudanese Civil War) was there since Sundan's independence (from Egypt) in 1956. This resulted in the formation of Southern Sudan Autonomous Region in 1972, only to last upto 1983, when it was brought under Sudan's control..
The separation struggle began again (second Civil War) and the civil war lasted for more than two decades (1983-2005). In 2005, Comprehensive Peace Agreement was signed and Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan was formed.
Attained full independence from Sudan on 9th July 2011 and became the 193rd member state of UN.

SURINAME

CONTINENT: S.America
AREA:163821 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Hinduism, Islam.
LANGUAGE: Dutch, English, Hindi, Jananese.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 491000+
LITERACY: 95 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Staten
CURRENCY: Surinamese Dollar
BORDERS: Brazil, Guyana, French Guyana, North Atlantic Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION; 5 deg 50' N 55 deg 10' W
PRESIDENT: Desi Bouterse.
BRIEF HISTORY:
British and Dutch were having control over the entire territory without colonizing it. Attained independence on 25.11.1975. Excepting for a brief period of military rule between 1982-1987, the country has been politically peaceful.

SWAZILAND

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Mbabane (Admn); Lobamba (Royal)
AREA:17364 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Tribal.
LANGUAGE: English, SiSwati.
POLITICAL STATUS: Monarchy
POPULATION: 1.18 million.
LITERACY: 80 per cent
CURRENCY: Lilangeni.
MAJOR CITIES: Mbabane, Liblandia.
BORDERS: South Africa, Mozambique.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 26 deg 19'S 31 deg 8'E
KING: Mswati III
PRIME MINISTER: Sibusiso Diamoni
BRIEF HISTORY:
Basically a tribal population ruled by Tribal Kings. South Africa provided administrative control from 1894 to 1902 and then it came under the protection of Britain. Became independent on September 6, 1968 and continues as a Monarchy.

SWEDEN

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Stockholm
AREA: 449964 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Swedish
POLITICAL STATUS: Monarchy.
POPULATION: 9.3 million.
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Riksdag
CURRENCY: Krona.
MAJOR CITIES: Stockholm, Goteberg, Malmo, Uppsala.
BORDERS: Norway, Finland, Baltic Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 59 degree 21'N 18 degree 4'E
KING: Carl XVI Gustaf
PRIME MINISTER: Stefan Lofven
BRIEF HISTORY:
A constitutional monarchy since 1434. The modern day Swedish territory was set up during the reign of of Viking in the 9th century. It became a consolidated Christian kingdom during 12th century including Finland and Netherlands which was known as " Kalmar Union ".
In 1523, Sweden came out of the Union and became a separate state. In 1772, it became an absolute monarchy with GUSTAV III establishing the Kingdom. Between 1814-1905 it formed an Union with Norway and then separated.The country remained neutral during both world wars and politically peaceful.
Q316. How is the capital city Stockholm is also called?
Beauty on the Sea.
Q317. What is the Royal House of Sweden ?
House of Bernadotte.

SWITZERLAND

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Bern
AREA: 41285 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: German, French, Italian, Romansh.
POLITICAL STATUS: Federal Republic
POPULATION: 7.8 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Federal Assembly
CURRENCY: Swiss Franc
MAJOR CITIES: Bern, Zurich, Basel, Geneva, Lusanne.
BORDERS: Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Lichtenstein.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 46 deg 57'N 7 deg 27'E
FEDERAL CHANCELLOR: Walter Thurnherr.
BRIEF HISTORY:
A mountainous country with 60% of the land covered by Alps. The country is also famous for lakes. An independent state since 1291. It was under the Roman Empire and attained independence in 1648 through " Treaty of Westphalia".
Between 1798 and 1815, the entire country was under siege by French Administration and attained independence in 1815 by Congress of Vienna. A peaceful country not involving itself in any war since 1575.
Q318. What is the relationship between Pope and Switzerland?
From 1506, Swiss Guards are only engaged for the Popes. The practice was started by Pope Julius III.
Q319. What is the importance of the cities of Geneva and Lusanne?
1.GENEVA: Has a number of UN's subsidiary organizational headquarters. Hence, called as Mini UN.
2.LUSANNE: It has the headquarters of a number of Sports Federation headquarters.
Q320. Unlike other countries what unique practice is followed by Switzerland in the matter of election of Presidents?
The President is elected on a non-renewable one year term.
Q321. Switzerland is famous for ?
Scenic beauty, holiday resorts, and most importantly Watches.
Q322. How the provinces/states of Switzerland are called?
Cantons.

SYRIA

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Damascus
AREA: 185180 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Arabic, Khurdish, Armenian.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 22 million
LITERACY: 80 per cent
PARLIAMENT: People's Council
CURRENCY: Syrian Pound
MAJOR CITIES: Damascus, Alleppo, Homs, Hama.
BORDERS: Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Turkey, Lebanon, Mediterranean Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 33 deg 30'N 36 deg 18'E
PRESIDENT: Bashar-al-Assad.
PRIME MINISTER: Imad Khamis 
BRIEF HISTORY:
In its early history, it was ruled by Arabs, Mongols and Ottomanns with which it remained upto 1920. Following the crumbling of Ottomanns, the territory was shared between British and French and the present day Syria came under France by the League of Nations mandate.
Attained independence on 1.1.1944. After independence the politics of the country was in disarray with wars against Israel on Suez crisis, coups, counter coups, martial law, war with Jordan etc., It joined with Egypt in 1958 to form United Arab Republic and withdrew from it in 1961 to become independent. In 1973, Syria along with Egypt were involved in a war with Israel.
In 1976, it involved itself with Lebanon's civil war and deputed 40000 of its troops and remained there for nearly 15 years, and, after the end of civil war in 1990, it overstayed there until 2005 by an agreement but exercised a heavy handed influence on Lebanese affairs till 2005.
Syria also took part in the US led war against Iraq's Saddam Hussein regime.
Thus the country has been in war since independence for one reason or another, thus affecting its own diplomatic relations and economy.
Despite all these, Hafiz Ali Asad remained as President for 30 years and died on 10.6.2000. The Constitution was amended to bring down the age of President from 40 to 34, to make way for his son to become President and thus Bashar al Asad became President and continues. Presently in 2012 the country is undergoing severe and continuous civil unrest demanding the ouster of the President Bashar al Asad.

TAIWAN - REPUBLIC OF CHINA

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Taipei
AREA: 35980 SQKM
RELIGION: Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism.
LANGUAGE: Mandarin Chinese, Taiwanese, Hakka Dialects.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 23.1 million
LITERACY: 95 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly.
CURRENCY: New Taiwanese Dollar.
MAJOR CITIES: Taipei, Kaoshiung, Taichund.
LOCATION: Archipelago on North Pacific Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 25 deg 02'N 121 deg 38'E
PRESIDENT: Tsai ling Wen
PREMIER: Lin Chuan 
BRIEF HISTORY:
Originally,Taiwan and adjoining territories were Chinese territories. It was colonized by Spanish and later by Dutch in the 17th century. In 1662 it became a seat for KOXINGA, a Ming dynasty loyalist and later to the Zing dynasty in 1683. The Qing dynasty was forced to cede this territory to Japan in 1895 after the I Sino Japanese war.
After WWII when Japan faced defeat, Taiwan was ceded back to China under the Cairo conference. Chinese National Party also known as KUOMINTANG started ruling over Taiwan in October 1945. Taiwan was made the Headquarters of the Nationalist Republic of China. A proposal to align with China is in the process, but prefers only on a democratic set up.
Economically a sound country. Also known as Republic of China (not to be confused with People's Republic of China).

TAJIKISTAN

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Dushanbe
AREA: 143100 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity.
LANGUAGE: Tajik, Russian
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 7.9 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Somoni
MAJOR CITIES: Dushanbe, Khudzand, Kulyab
BORDERS: Afghanistan, China, Kyrgystan, Uzbekistan.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 38 deg 33'N 68 deg 48'E
PRESIDENT: Emomalii Rahmon
PRIME MINISTER: Kokhir Rasulzoda
BRIEF HISTORY:
Belonged to the Samanid Empire in 875 AD. Followed by various other rulers, PERSIAN EMPIRE was the longest to rule this region, finally to end up with USSR as a republic within it. However, when USSR collapsed in 1991, Tajikistan also attained its independence in December 1991. After independence for nearly 5 years, the country had to undergo a civil war, due to Muslim dominated region demanding a separate state.
In 1997, by a peace agreement between the Government and the rebels, peace was restored and the country is progressing democratically.

TANZANIA

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Dodoma
AREA: 945203 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Islam, Tribal.
LANGUAGE: Swahili, English
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 42 million
LITERACY: 75 per cent
CURRENCY: Tanzanian Shilling.
MAJOR CITIES: Dodoma, Daressalam, Mwanza.
BORDERS: Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, DR Congo, Burundi, Kenya, Uganda, Indian Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 6.307 degree S 34.854 degree E
PRESIDENT: John Pombe Magfuli 
PRIME MINISTER: Karim Othman
BRIEF HISTORY:
It is a united Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, named as Tanzania from 26.4.1964. Of these two, Zanzibar is an island. Basically a tribal region, came under Germany and colonized around 1880 to remain as German East Africa upto 1919. After the World War I the region was ceded to British under the League of Nations mandate.
Attained independence on 9.12.1961 and became a republic an year later. The island of Zanzibar ruled by a Sultan, became independent on 19.12.1963 and then joined Tanganyika to become Tanzania.
From 1961 to 1985 JULIUS NYERE remained as President. Thereafter there has been some political stability and the country is slowly progressing.
Q323. What are the famous lakes of Tanzania which are among the largest in the world?
Victoria, Tanganyika and Nyasa.
Q324. What is the famous mountain of Tanzania?
Mount Kilimanjaro.

THAILAND

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Bangkok
AREA: 573120 SQKM
RELIGION: Buddhism, Christianity
LANGUAGE: Thai, Lao, Chinese, English, Malay
POLITICAL STATUS: Monarchy
POPULATION: 63.8 million
LITERACY: 75 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: Baht.
MAJOR CITIES: Bangkok, Songkhla, Chiang Mai
BORDERS: Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Gulf of Thailand, Andaman Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 13 deg 45' N 100 deg 29'E
KING: Maha Vajiralongkorn
PRIME MINISTER: Prayut Chan O Cha
BRIEF HISTORY:
It is one of the rare few countries which remained an independent kingdom without being colonized by either Europeans or Islamic rulers. In its early history it was ruled by Sukho Thai Kingdom from 1238 to 1438, then Ayuthaya Kingdom from 1450 to 1767 and Thakshin Kings from 1768 to 1932.
The present ruling dynasty is CHAKRI dynasty, which came into rule in 1782 with General Chakri assuming as King. Thus the present ruler belongs to the "Chakri" dynasty. In 1932 it switched over from absolute to Constitutional monarchy.
1970 to 1990 was a period of political instability due to repeated coups and military rule. However, in 2001 elections were held and political peace restored.
Q325. How was Thailand known earlier?
SIAM - became Thailand from 11.5.1949.
Q326. Which dynasty is ruling Thailand?
Chakri dynasty from 1782.
Q327. What distinction the present king Bhumibol Adulyadej holds as head of state?
The longest serving Head of State in the world. He is in power from 1946.
Q328. What is the practice followed in Thailand to title the Kings?
They are titled as 'RAMA". The present king is RAMA IX.
Q329. How is Bangkok city also known?
" The City of Angels ". There are 400 temples. Few important ones are:
1. WAT PHRAKEOA : The famous temple within the Grand Palace where an "Emerald Buddha" made of Jaspar is located.
2. WAT PHAO: Famous temple with a reclining Buddha of 46 meters long.
3. WAT TRAMIT : World's largest solid gold Buddha statue is located.
Q330. What is the Thai version of Ramayana, the Hindu epic?
RAMA KIEN.
Q331. What is the name for the waterline transport system in Thailand?
CHAO PHRAYA.
Q332. What is the national sport of Thailand?
MUAYTHAI - Kick boxing ("Art of Eight Limbs")
Q333. What was the ancient capital of Thailand?
AYUTHAYA.
Q334. What is the unique form of dance of Thailand?
FINGER NAILS DANCE - with about 15 cm long brass finger nails.
Q335. What is the official Thai language name of the city of Bangkok?
KRUNG KNEP MAHANAKHON AMORN RATTANAKOSIN MAHINTHARA YUDTHAYA MAHADILOK PHOP NOPPHARAT RATCHATHANI BURIROM UDOM - RATHANIWET SAKKATHATTIYA WITSANUKRAM PRASIT - meaning jeweled city of Indra (Hindu God). Simply known as KRUNG THEP - meaning "City of Angels".
Q336. Thaksin Shinawatra was PM of Thailand during 2001-2006. He was ousted from power for what reason?
He was ousted by a coup due to the sale of SHIN CORP - a company owned by him to TEMASEK HOLDINGS for a tax free 1.9 billion dollars

TOGO

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Lome
AREA: 56785 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Islam, Tribal
LANGUAGE; French, Tribal.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 6.6 million
LITERACY: 60 per cent
CURRENCY; CFA Franc
BORDERS: Ghana, Benin, Burkino Faso, Gulf of Guinea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION:
6 deg 7'N 1 deg 13'E
PRESIDENT: Faure Gnassingbe
PRIME MINISTER: Komi Selom Klassou 
BRIEF HISTORY:
Portuguese were the first to arrive here and then Germans in 1884. In 1914, France and Britain invaded Togoland and established their territorial zones which was approved by the League of Nations mandate. After WW II, the arrangement became UN Trusteeship Territory.
The western Togo which was under British was called "British Gold Coast". In 1956, this region joined Ghana. Thus, the remaining French controlled Togoland became an autonomous state within French Union, retaining the UN Trusteeship. Became independent on April 27, 1960.
Thereafter from 1963 to 1967 there was some political instability due to the assassination of President Olympio, and military coups in 1963 and 1967. In the 1967 coup, Gen. Edayama became President and ruled until his death in 2005. Upon this his son Faure Gnassingbe became President and continuing.
Q337. How was Togo formerly known?
Togoland.

TONGA

CONTINENT: Australia
CAPITAL: Nuku'Alofa
AREA: 748 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Tonga, English
POLITICAL STATUS: Monarchy
POPULATION: 104000
LITERACY: 95 per cent
CURRENCY: Pa'anga
LOCATION: South Pacific Ocean
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 21 deg 08'S 176 deg 12'W
KING: Tupov VI
PRIME MINISTER: Akilisi Pohiva 
BRIEF HISTORY:
Lies on the South West Pacific Ocean. It is an archipelago of 176 islands. Geographically the country has an importance, as the Tropic of Capricorn and International Date Line cross each other, very close to this country.
Prior to 1845, it was a tribal region ruled by different chieftains, which lasted for nearly 50 years. By 1845, all these smaller groups united into a kingdom with TULFALLHAU TUPOV as King and was christened as KING GEORGE TUPOV. It became a British protectorate from May 1990, which ended in 1970. Otherwise, the country is politically peaceful.

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

CONTINENT: S. America
CAPITAL: Port of Spain
AREA: 5128 SQKM
RELIGION:Christianity, Hinduism, Islam.
LANGUAGE; English
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 1.3 million
LITERACY: 100%
CURRENCY: T & T Dollar.
MAJOR CITIES: Port of Spain, Arima, San Fernando.
LOCATION: North Atlantic Ocean Near Venezeula.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 10 deg 40'N 61 deg 31'W
PRESIDENT: Anthony Carmona
PRIME MINISTER: Keith Rowley .
BRIEF HISTORY:
Columbus on his third voyage located these islands in 1498. These islands pass through the hands of British, French, Dutch and finally became a British colony in 1838. Until 1925 it was a crown colony without any elected representative. Attained full independence in August 1962 and became a Republic in 1976. Politically peaceful.

TUNISIA

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Tunis
AREA:163610 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Arabic, French.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 10.4 million
LITERACY: 67 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: Tunisian Dinar
MAJOR CITIES: Sfax, Sousse, Tunis.
BORDERS: Libya, Algeria, Mediterranean Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 36 deg 50'N 10 deg 9' E
PRESIDENT: Beji Caid Essebsi
PRIME MINISTER: Youssef Chahed 
BRIEF HISTORY:
In its early history it was ruled by Aglabid Dynasty, Almohad dynasty, Hasfid dynasty and then to Ottomann Empire. In 1861, made its first step towards independence by enacting its own constitution.
In 1869, declared itself bankrupt and the country's economy was taken over by International Finance Commission, with France, Italy and UK representatives. It came under British protection in May 1881 and by 1945 it came under complete control of France.
On 20.3.1956 obtained freedom as a Constitutional monarchy. In 1957 monarchy was abolished by PM Habib Borguiba and ruled the country for 31 years and became the President. When Habib Borguiba became physically incapacitated, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali became the President in a bloodless coup, and ruled till 2011, when he had to flee the country on corruption charges and civil unrest.
Consequent on this Fouad Mebazaa took over as Acting President and continued. In December 2011 Moncef Marzouki was elected as President and continues.

TURKEY

CONTINENT: Europe/Asia
CAPITAL: Ankara
AREA: 783562 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Turkish, Khurdish Arabic
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 77.8 million
LITERACY: 85 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Grand National Assembly
CURRENCY: Lira
MAJOR CITIES: Istanbul, Izmir, Abana, Bursa, Ankara.
BORDERS: Syria, Iraq, Armenia, Black Sea, Aegean Sea, Bulgaria, Georgia, Iran, Azerbaijan.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 39 deg 55'N 32 deg 50'E
PRESIDENT: Recep Tayyip Erdogan
PRIME MINISTER: Binali Yildirim
BRIEF HISTORY:
From the 11th century itself, the country was under Ottoman's rule until the end of WWI in 1915, when the Ottoman's crumbled. On 1.11.1922, the Sultan rule was abolished after the establishment of a Turkish State on 18.9.1922. This was recognized in 1923 by the Treaty of Lausanne, Switzerland.
Kemal Pasha who was considered as the father of modern day Turkey, titled ATATURK, became the first President. After Kemal Pasha, the country's politics went into disarray with coup after coup, until the end of 20th century. Thereafter elections were held in 2002 and 2007 and Presidents are elected democratically.
Khurdish population demanding a separate state is its major internal problem.
Q338. What is geographically important about the location of Turkey?
Lies in South East Europe, occupying a strategic position of linking Asia Europe. The only country in the world to spread across two continents - Asia and Europe - separated by " Strait of Bhosphorous" between the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea.
Q339. How is Istanbul the city, known earlier and what is its importance?
It was first known as "Byzantium", then "Constantinople". It is where the Ottoman's founded their empire in 1453 and their rule continued for 631 years, which included some vast areas of Europe.
Q340. How was Capital "Ankara" known earlier?
ANGORRA.
Q341. For which products Turkey is famous for?
SULTANA RAISIN - A sweet dried grape, usually seedless. Second largest producer. MOHAIR - A wool fibre obtained from ANKARA GOATS - more stronger and and warmer than the normal wool from other sheeps.
Q342. Who is considered as the founder and father of modern day Turkey?
Kemal Ataturk.

TURKMENISTAN

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Ashgabat
AREA:488100 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Turkmenish, Russian
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 5.1 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
CURRENCY: Manat
MAJOR CITIES:Chardzhou, Mary, Askgabat
BORDERS: Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Caspian Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 37 deg 58'N 58 deg 20'E
PRESIDENT: Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow.
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was part of the Russian Empire and then USSR. In its early history, it was ruled by Achaemenids, Alexander, Parni, Ephthalites, Huns, Gokturks, Sarmartians and Sessanid Empires and rulers. Invasion of this territory by Seljuks and by Genghis Khan of Mongols have also been there.
In 1881, it became part of the Russian Empire under the Tsars. In 1924/25 became a republic under the USSR. Following the crumbling of USSR in 1991, Turkmenistan declared its independence on 27.10.1991. Politically peaceful with President holding absolute authority and lifetime power.

TUVALU

CONTINENT: Australia
CAPITAL: Funafuti
AREA: 26 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Tuvaluan, English
POPULATION: 10472
LITERACY: 95 per cent
CURRENCY: Tuvaluan & Australian Dollar
LOCATION: Western Pacific Ocean
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 8 deg 31'S 179 deg 13'E
CONSTITUTIONAL HEAD: Queen Elizabeth II
GOVERNOR GENERAL: Lakoba Italeli
PRIME MINISTER: Eneli Sopoaga
BRIEF HISTORY:
It comprises of four reef islands and five true atolls. Lies between Hawai'i and Australia with Kiribati, Samoa and Fiji islands as its neighbours.
Came under the British control in the 19th century 1892 to 1916 and then as part of Gilbert Ellice Islands federation (Tuvalu + Kiribati) from 1916 to 1974. In 1974, Ellice Islands, now TUVALU, got separated and became independent on 30.9.1978 under British Crown control, and continues with Queen Elizabeth as its Constitutional Head.
Q343. What is the major economical source of Tuvalu?
The country is thriving on foreign exchange earned through printing of postage stamps and minting of coins and also from contributions of native native Tuvaluans. The soil condition of Tuvalu is suitable only for Coconut cultivation.

UGANDA

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Kampala
AREA: 236040 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam, Christianity, Tribal.
LANGUAGE: English, Swahili
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 32.3 million
CURRENCY: Shilling
MAJOR CITIES: Kampala, Jinja, Mbale, Maskara, Entebbe.
BORDERS: Kenya, Rwanda, DR Congo, Sudan.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 1.28 deg N 32.39 deg E
PRESIDENT: Yoweri Museveni
PRIME MINISTER: Ruhukana Ruganda
BRIEF HISTORY:
A country lying on the equator. It derived its name from the "Buganda" kingdom which ruled it. The southern part of the country is mostly occupied by Lake Victoria, extending into Kenya and Tanzania.
Having been a tribal population, it was in bits and pieces ruled by different chieftains, were united to make up the country Uganda. The country came under British protection from 1894. Became independent in 1962 with Duard Mutesa II of Buganda Dynasty as the King and MILTON OBOTE as Prime Minister.
In 1966, Milton Obote, through a coup, became the President, which triggered series of coups to follow till mid 1980s. In this process, IDI AMIN, the world known infamous leader, (whose name became an acronym for such atrocious rulers or persons) came to power in 1971 and installed military rule which lsted till 1979. He was overthrown through invasion by Tanzanian forces with Ugandans in exile support.
Thereafter and till 1986, series of coups followed. In 1986, Yoweri Musuveni became President through a coup and continues.
Q344. Idi Amin is famous for many things including the titles he conferred on himself . What are they?
" His Excellency President for Life, Field Marshall, Al Hadji Doctor, DSO, DSO, MC, CBE, Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Sea, Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa".
Q345. What is the name of the famous book on the city of Entebbe?
90 minutes at Entebbe - a book by William Stevenson narrating the incident of the hijack of Air France plane with 248 passengers by Revolutionary Cells and Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (militant organizations) and the efforts of Israel Defence Forces to rescue the hostages. An interesting book to read.

UKRAINE

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: Kiev
AREA: 603628 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
POLITICAL STATUS: Independent
POPULATION: 45 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Verkhovna Rada
CURRENCY: Hryvnia
MAJOR CITIES: Kiev, Kharkir, Donetske, Odessa, Lviv
BORDERS: Russia, Belarus, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Moldova, Black Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 50 deg 27'N 30 deg 30'E
PRESIDENT: Petro Poroshenko
PRIME MINISTER: Volodymyr Groysman
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was formerly with USSR. This region, for centuries was ruled by different regional powers. It enjoyed freedom and independence for a brief period between 1917-1921 and then it became part of the USSR as a Republic in 1922. After the collapse of USSR in 1991, Ukraine attained independence on August 24, 1991.Thereafter the country moves along smoothly on the democratic path.
Q346. What is the unfortunate incident that took place in one of the cities of Ukraine in 1986?
CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT disaster incident of radiation Leakage on 26.4.1986, which killed thousands of people and incapacitated a lot of people. The power plant was at PRIBYAT, Ukraine. The incident when the country was within USSR.
Q347. What is the name of the famous book on the city of ODESSA?
ODESSA FILE - by Frederick Forsyth - a thriller and very good book to read.
Q348. Who was elected thrice as the PM of this country and now the PRESIDENT?
Viktor Yanukobych.

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Abu Dhabi
AREA: 83600 SQKM
RELIGION; Islam
LANGUAGE: Arabic
POLITICAL STATUS: Federal Presidency - Elective Monarchy.
POPULATION: 8 million
LITERACY: 80 per cent
CURRENCY: Dirham
MAJOR CITIES: Dubai, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Ras-al-Khaimah.
BORDERS: Oman, Saudi Arabia
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 24 deg 28'N 54 deg 22'E
PRESIDENT: Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan
PRIME MINISTER: Mohammed bin Rashid al Makhtoum.
BRIEF HISTORY:
This federation of seven emirates: 1. Abu Dhabi; 2. Ajman; 3. Dubai; 4. Fujairah 5. Ras-al-Khaimah; 6. Sharjah and 7. Umm-al-Qaiwan., lies on the Arabian Peninsula on the Persian Gulf. Of these Ras-al-Khaimah was the last to join the federation in 1972.
The emirates were granted defence and diplomatic aid by UK during the 19th century and thus these emirates developed. Politically peaceful federation.
Q349. Who became the first woman judge of UAE?
Khouloud-al-Dahiri in March 2008.
Q350. How was UAE known earlier?
Trucial States or Trucian Oman in reference to a 19th century truce between several Arab Sheikhs. Also called the "Pirate Coast".

UNITED KINGDOM

CONTINENT: Europe
CAPITAL: London
AREA: 243610 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: English, Welsh, Scots, Irish, Gaelic
POLITICAL STATUS: Constitutional Monarchy
POPULATION: 62 million
LITERACY: 100%
PARLIAMENT: House of Commons & House of Lords.
CURRENCY: Pound Sterling
MAJOR CITIES: London, Manchester, Birmingham.
LOCATION: Archipelago on the North Atlantic Ocean.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 51 deg 30'N 0 deg 7'W
HEAD OF STATE: Queen Elizabeth II
PRIME MINISTER: Theresa May 
BRIEF HISTORY:
Also called Great Britain. The present day UK took its shape as follows:
1. ACT OF UNION 1707: Uniting Scotland to be known as "United Kingdom of Great Britain".
2.. ACT OF UNION 1800: United Kingdom of Ireland to be known as "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
3. 1922: The Southern Ireland left the Union and formed its own free state leaving the Northern Ireland with UK, to be known as "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" now popularly known as United Kingdom.
The empire was so big during mid 20th century that it was having about 75 countries as its colonies. In 1947, India and Pakistan obtained their freedom which set the trend for other countries seek complete independence or administrative freedom keeping Queen Elizabeth as the Constitutional Head.
As of now, the present UK comprises of the following territories:
1. ENGLAND: 130395 SQKM - 51 million population.
2. SCOTLAND: Occupying a little more than one third of the Northern Great Britain island along with Herbrides, Orkney, Shetland and some smaller islands (790 islands and islets) covering an area of about 78772 SQKM. EDINBURGH is its capital, with a population of about 52 lakhs. Has its own parliament, United with UK in 1707.Queen Elizabeth as its Constitutional Head and PM of UK as its executive head.
3. NORTHERN IRELAND: Belfast is its Capital - 13843 SQKM - 17.8 lakhs population.
4. WALES: United with UK in 1536 - Cardiff is its capital - 20773 sqkm - with a population of 29 lakhs. Well developed and politically peaceful country.
Q351. What are the external territories of United Kingdom?
DEPENDENCIES:
1. ISLE OF MANN: On the Irish Sea - 572 SQKM - Capital: Doughlas; Population: 80000.
2. CHANNEL ISLANDS: Lies off Northwest coast of France, the Jersey and Guermay islands - 194 SQKM - Population:1.5 lakhs. EXTERNAL TERRITORIES:1. ANGUILLA: Formerly part of St.Kitts and Nevis. Has its own constitution adopted in 1982. Area: 91 SQKM - Population 13500.Capital: The Valley. Lies in Caribbean Sea.
2. BERMUDA: 300 small coral islands in the Northwest Atlantic ocean.Area: 54 SQKM - Population: 17000 - Capital: Hamilton.
3. MONTSERRAT: Caribbean Sea - 102 SQKM - Population: 4655;
4. BRITISH ANTARCTIC TERRITORY: 1709400 SQKM.
5. BRITISH INDIA OCEAN TERRITORY: 60 SQKM;
5. BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS: 153 sqkm;
6. CAYMAN ISLANDS : 264 SQKM.;
7. FALKLAND ISLANDS: 12173 SQKM; 8. GIBRALTAR: 6.843 SQKM; 9. SAINT HELENA, ASCENSION & TRISTAN DA CUNHA - 420 SQKM;
10. TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS: 430 SQKM;
11. PITCAIM ISLANDS: 47 SQKM; 12. SOUTH GEORGIA & SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS - 3903 SQKM; 13. SOVEREIGN BASE AREAS ON CYPRUS: 254 SQKM.
Q352. When did Queen Elizabeth II ascend the throne?
6.2.1952 - upon the demise of her father King George Visdewise.
Q353. Who was the youngest PM of UK?
TONY BLAIR - at 43 years of age.
Q354. What are the two political parties of UK?
1. Conservative 2. Labour.
Q355. Who is that famous PM of UK whose gestures of victory has become the universal sign of victory?
WINSTON CHURCHILL's 'V' for victory sign, by showing the index and middle fingers with other fingers closed.
Q356. Who is the first woman PM of UK?
MARGARET THATCHER : longest serving PM of the 20th century for UK. (4th May 1979 to 28th November 1990). Her nickname is IRON LADY.
Q357. Who was the PM of UK when India attained freedom and to which party he belonged to?
CLEMENT ATLEE - Labour Party.
Q358. Who is the only PM of UK to have been assassinated (in the lobby of the House of Commons)?
Spencer Perceval in 1812.
Q359. Which PM of UK was nicknamed "Supermac"?
Harold McMillan.
Q360. How the taxis of London are called?
FX 4 - Black Austin.
Q361. What is the importance of Trafalgar Square of London?
More precisely the Statue of CHARLES I on the South side of Trafalgar Square from which point all distances to London are measured.
Q362. What is the name of the tower on which the famous BIG BEN clock is located?
A.St. Stephen's Clock Tower.
Q363. Which street/lane of London is called 'Bangla Town" and why?
Brick Lane - because of Bengalis population.
Q364. Tower of London is a famous landmark. Who built it?
King William I - during 1078 AD - further expansions were carried out by Richard the Lion Heart, Henry III and Edward I during 12th and 13th centuries. Actually, it is not a tower, it is a palace cum fortress.
Q365. Where does the Coronation of British monarch take place?
St.Edwards Chair, West Minster Abbey.
Q366. What is the famous and world known address of UK?
No.10, Downing Street.
Q367. Who was the first black woman member of the House of Commons, UK?
Diane Abbot.
Q368. What is the famous diamond now with UK and is being claimed by India?
KOHINOOR - Kept in the tower of London. This diamond was actually From a place called Kollur near Guntur in Andhra Pradesh and weighs 105 C(21.6 g). Beginning with Kakatiya rulers, it passed through Slave dynasty rulers to Mughal Kings, to Ahmed Shah Abdhali of Afghanistan to Maharaja Ranjit Singhji of Punjab and finally to the British. It was taken by the British by Lord Dalhousie and was then shipped to Britain. Now the diamonds is embedded in the Crown worn by Queen Elizabeth II.
Q369. Which animal/bird is the property of Queen Elizabeth II over a designated stretch in London?
SWANS - over a stretch of Thames and its tributaries. Every year in the third week Monday in July, a celebration in honour of the Queen's Swans is held and the celebration is called as "Swan Upping".
Q370. What are Hardey, Thor, Odin, Gwyllum, Cedric, Munin and Hugine in London?
They are the most carefully protected RAVENS (a bird) found at the Tower of London.
Q371. The city of London is located on the banks of which river?
Thames.
Q372. Which city of UK is famous for textiles?
Manchester.
Q373. Which city of UK is world famous for marine and nautical studies?
Glasgow.
Q374. Who was the first woman member of the House of Commons, UK?
Lady Astor.
Q375. Where in London would you find the statue of Eros?
Piccadilly circus.
Q376. Which monarch ruled UK for the longest period?
Queen Victoria. 1837 to 1901.
Q377. Who is the patron saint of Scotland, the external territory of UK?
St. Andrew.
Q378. Who is the oldest monarch of United Kingdom?
Queen Elizabeth II (earlier one was Queen Victoria)
Q379. Which king of UK ordered the expulsion of all Jews from England?
King Edward I in 1290.
Q380. Where are the British Crown jewels displayed when not in use?
Tower of London.
Q381. What is "Billings Gate" in London?
Fish Market.
Q382. Who was the king of England during American Revolution?
George III - he was the king between 1760 to 1820.
Q383. During which king's rule, the "Magna Carta"- Charter of Liberties granted?
King John (king from 1199 to 1216.
Q384. Who in May 2009, became the first woman poet Laureate of Britain?
Carol Ann Duffy.
Q385. In UK, who has the title of "First Lord of the Treasury" too?
Prime Minister.
Q386. In UK, who also has the titles like Baron Renfrew and Great steward of Scotland?
The Prince of Wales.
Q387. Two places in UK has the burial places of about 28 Kings. What are they?
1. West Minster Abbey - 18 Kings. 2. Windsor Castle - 10 Kings.
Q388. Who is the only PM of UK, a divorcee?
Margaret Thatcher.
Q389. What unusual thing happened while playing the National Anthem of UK "God Save the King " on 9.2.1909?
It was played for 17 times consecutively,(a record of sorts in playing the Anthem of any country), as King Edward VII was struggling inside the compartment of the train on the platform of Rathenau Railway Station in Germany, to get into the German Field Marshal uniform given to him.
Q390. Who is the first woman to serve as leader of the House of Lords, UK?
Jane Mary Baker Young.
Q391. Which PM of UK was known as "Welsh Wizard'?
David Lloyd George - he was PM between 1916-1922.
Q392. Who was the first woman elected to the House of Commons?
Countess Markiewicz.
Q393. When was the first act of union passed between England and Wales?
1536
Q394. Which PM of UK is associated with the invention of the popular " SOFTY ICECREAMS " ?
Margaret Thatcher.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

CONTINENT: North America
CAPITAL: Washington DC
AREA: 9826675 sqkm
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: English, Spanish
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic-Federal
POPULATION: 308 million
LITERACY: 100 per cent
PARLIAMENT: Congress - House of Representatives & Senate.
CURRENCY: Dollar
MAJOR CITIES: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago,Houston, Seattle, Philadelphia,San Diego, Detroit, Dallas, Boston,Miami, Atlanta, Pittsburg, Ohio,San Francisco, Washington etc.,
BORDERS: Canada, Mexico, North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 38 degree 33'N 77 degree 01'W
PRESIDENT: Barack Obama
VICE PRESIDENT: Joe Biden.
BRIEF HISTORY:
Discovered by Christopher Columbus. Named after AMERIGO VESPUCCI an Italian explorer. The name America was first used by cartographer Martin Waldsmuller in the world map that he created in 1507.
After a period of exploration by various European countries like Dutch, Spanish, English, French, Swedish and Portuguese, settlements were established in the mid 15th century. However, the truly successful English colony was established in 1607. Finally, English and Spanish slowly but steadily established their colonies in different parts of country.
In the 1770s, the American War of Independence paved the way for independence..After a series of battles with the English, United States pronounced its independence on 4.7.1776, adopted by the Congress with 13 states. Now there are 50 states excluding the capital Washington DC.Upon independence, George Washington became the first President in 1789 and remained in power till 1797. His role in founding of US earned him the title of Father of the Nation.
The country faced one of the bloodiest civil war during 1849-1865. After the civil war and by the end of WWII, it has become a super power and after the crumbling of USSR, US became the only country to be called a "Super Power" and remains the deciding factor in many international issues.
Well developed in all fields, politically peaceful country.
It has the following external territories:
1.PUERTO RICO: A republic within US control - 9104 SQKM on the North East Caribbean Sea - Capital: San Juan - Population: 3.7 million; Language: Spanish and English. Has its own government headed by a Governor.
2. GUAM: An island on the West Pacific Ocean - 541 SQKM - Capital: Agana - Population: 1.78 lakhs. Has its own government headed by a Governor.
3. NORTH MARIANA ISLANDS: 15 islands on the North Pacific ocean - 463 SQKM - Capital: Saipan; Population: 86000. Has its own government headed by a Governor.
4. AMERICAN SAMOA: Group of islands on the South Pacific Ocean - 199 SQKM - Capital: Pago Pago; PopulationL 66000 - has its own government headed by a Governor.
5 Johnson Atoll, Midway Islands, Wake Islands, and Virgin Islands - all located around Hawai'i islands in the Pacific Ocean.
Q395. When did Washington DC became the capital of USA?
1800. Before the USA Congress use to meet at different places but mainly in Philadephia which can be considered as the previous capital.
Q396. What is the National Anthem of USA?
"Star Spangled Banner" written by Francis Scott Key.
Q397. What is the motto of USA?
"In God We Trust"
Q398. In which year was the first national Presidential election held in US?
1789
Q399. Who was the first President of USA?
George Washington.
Q400. Who designed the WHITE HOUSE and who named it so?
Designed by James Hoban. Named by Theodore Roosevelt, President.
Q401. Which US President was the first to occupy the WHITE HOUSE?
John Adams, on November 1, 1800.
Q402. Who was the only person to have been Vice President and President without election process?
Gerald Ford - 38th President 1974-1977.
Q403. Who was the oldest and cine actor turned President of United States?
Ronald Reagon 1981-1989.
Q404. Which US President was instrumental in the establishment of United Nations?
Dwight David Eisenhower - 34th President - 1953-1961.
Q405. Who was the longest serving US President?
Franklin Delano Roosevelt - 32nd - 1933 to 1945 - elected for four terms and was in office for 4422 days.
Q406. Who had the shortest stint as US President?
William H. Harrison - died in a month of becoming the President. He was the 9th President and the first to die while in office.
Q407. Who was the youngest First Lady (President's wife) of USA?
Frances Cleveland at 21 years wife of Grover Cleveland - 22nd President.
Q408. Who was the first American born President of USA?
Martin Van Buren.
Q409. How many US Presidents have been assassinated so far and who are they?
Four -- 1. Abraham Lincoln -14.4.1865 - by John Wilkes Booth at the Ford's Theatre, Washington DC when he was watching the play "Our American Cousin". The day was a Good Friday.
2. James Garfield - 02-7-1881 - by Charles J. Guiteau at Washington DC.
3. William Mc Kinley - 06.9.1901 - by Leon Czolgosz - at the Temple of Music, Buffalo, New York.
4. John F. Kennedy - 22.11.1963 - by Lee Harvey Oswald at Texas.
Q410. Which WWII General, went on to become the US President?
Dwight D.Eisenhower. 34th President.
Q411. Who was the last US President to die in Office (as of April 2011)?
John F. Kennedy (22nd November 1963)
Q412. Barrack Obama the 44th President of USA is from which country?
Kenya.
Q413. What does "Barack" mean in Kenyan Luo language?
Blessed.
Q414. Who was the first woman candidate to fight for US Presidency?
Victoria Woodhull - 1872.
Q415. Who is the first President of US to have an asteroid named after him?
Herbert Hoover (31st President - 1929-1933)
Q416. Wherein USA is the world's only floating post office located?
Michigan.
Q417. Which state of US, is named after Queen Elizabeth II?
Virginia.
Q418. Which state of USA is nicknamed as the 'first state'?
Delaware.
Q419. Which state of USA has produced the most number of Presidents?
Virginia - 8 Presidents - called as "Mother of Presidents".
Q420. One of the states of USA is growing by land area every year. How?
LOUISIANA - that grows in land area every year due to alluvial deposits of Mississippi river.
Q421. Which US President was involved in the infamous "Louisiana Purchase" deal?
Thomas Jefferson - 3rd President - 1801-1809 - acquisition of a huge territory from france in 1803.
Q422. Which city of US is called "City of Brotherly love" as it means in Greek?
Philadelphia.
Q423. Which US President was involved in the "Water Gate Scandal" and was forced to resign?
Richard Nixon - 37th President - 1969-1974.
Q424. Who was the President when Hiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan were bombed on 6th and 9th August 1945 respectively?
Harry S.Truman - 33rd - 1945-1953.
Q425. "TEDDY BEAR " the most sought after doll by children, is named after which US President?
Theodore Roosevelt - 26th - 1901-1909. Nick name "Teddy".
Q426. What are the nicknames attributed to President Abraham Lincoln?
"Honest Abe", " Rail Splitter", and " Great Emancipator".
Q427. What is the name of the building that serves as "US Congress" (Parliament)?
US CAPITOL.
Q428. Where is "Guantanamo Bay" the infamous detection camp of USA?
An island in Cuba, which came under US control in 1903 through American Cuba Treaty.
Q429. Who is the only US President to be elected by a congressional commission after a disputed ballot?
Rutherford Hayes in 1876 - 19th President between 1877-1881.
Q430. What was the name of the commission set up to probe John F.Kennedy's assassination?
Warren Commission - headed by Justice Earl Warren.
Q431. Which battle is considered as the turning point of the American Civil War?
Battle of Gettysburg - July 1 to 3, Pennyslavania.
Q432. Which incident marred the Kennedy administration?
Water Gate Scandal.
Q433. Which battle marked the beginning of the American Revolution for independence?
Battle of Lexington - Missouri - 13th to 20th September 1861 - Also called as Battle of Hemp Bales.
Q434. Which treaty brought an end to the Americal Revolution of 1783?
Treaty of Paris.
Q435. Who was the first Secretary of State of USA?
Thomas Jefferson - between 1789 to 1793. He later became the 3rd President of USA between 1801 to 1809. He was the principal author of "Declaration Of Independence" in 1776.
Q436. Who is the first Indian Origin American Citizen to become a Governor of a state in USA ?
Bobby Jindal - He is the Governor of Louisiana. He is also the youngest to become a Governor.
Q437. Which is the largest state of USA?
Alaska - This state area was purchased from Russian Empire on 30.3.1867 for 7.2 million USD.
Q438. Which is the smallest state of USA with the longest name?
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
Q439. What is the name of the mountain on which four US Presidents' faces have been sculpted and who are those Presidents?
MOUNT RUSHMORE - 1. George Washington 2. Thomas Jefferson 3. Theodore Roosevelt and 4. Abraham Lincoln. These sculptures are of 18 feet high and sculpted by Gutzon Borglum and his son Lincol Borglum. The mountain is near Key Stone, Dakota.
Q440. Which state of America is named after a King of England and its name is also the name of another country?
GEORGIA - named after King George II. It is also the name of a country.
Q441. Which US President was "ambidextrous" (capable of writing with both Hands) - he could write Latin with one hand and Greek with the other?
James Garfield - 20th President between 4.3.1881 to 19.9.1881.
Q442. Who are called ABCs in USA?
American Born Chinese.
Q443. Which state of America was bought from Russia?
Alaska (See Q.43)
Q444. City of Chicago celebrates St.Patrick's Day by..........?
Dyeing (colouring) its river (Chicago) Green.
Q445. When does US observe Memorial Day for soldiers who died in war?
Last Monday of May.
Q446. Which Pope was the first to visit the WHITE HOUSE?
John Paul II- October 1979.
Q447. After the 9/11/2001 incident, the US Government passed an Act called "USA Patriot Act" 2001. In this "PATRIOT" stands for what?
Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism.
Q448. November last Thursday is Thanks Giving Day in USA. Who declared it?
Abraham Lincoln.
Q449. Which US President is on the US Penny coin?
Abraham Lincoln.
Q450. How many spikes are there in the Crown of the Liberty Statue?
7 spikes.
Q451. It was the first star representing a state, to be added to the US National Flag in the 20th century. Name the State?
Utah.
Q452. During the American Civil War, who was the President of the Confederate States of America?
Jefferson Davis
Q453. Which American city was once the capital of a Russian Territory?
Sitka, Alaska.
Q454. Which is the latest to join as the 50th State of US?
Hawai'i.
Q455. Who were the earliest settlers in the present land of US?
Spanish.
Q456. What is "TAPS" related to US?
Also known as "Day is Done", is usually played on a bugle or trumpet at US Flag ceremonies and US military funerals.
Q457. How was "New York" earlier known as?
New Amsterdam.
Q458. When was the US Flag adopted?
14-6-1777 - the date/month is observed as Flag Day in US.
Q459. Virgin Islands of US was formerly known as?
Danish Antilles.
Q460. Which US President was nicknamed "Old Hickory:?
Andrew Jackson. 7th President - 1829-1837.
Q461. Which is the only state of USA split by one of the five great lakes?
Michigan.
Q462. Which founding father of USA wanted the Turkey to be the US National Symbol?
Benjamin Franklin
Q463. Which US State is nicknamed "Sunshine State"?
Florida.
Q464. Florida state was purchased from which country?
Spain 1819.
Q465. Which place in USA was the venue for the Peace Accord that ended the Bosnian War?
Dayton.
Q466. Which place in USA was the hometown of Wright Brothers?
Deoghton, Ohio, USA.
Q467. What is the postal address of White House?
1600, Pennyslavania, Washington DC.
Q468. Washington DC is the present capital of USA. Earlier Capital Was?
Philadephia.
Q469. Who was the only American President to be a bachelor?
James Buchanan. 15th President - 1857 to 1861.
Q470. Which is the oldest state of USA?
Delaware.
Q471. Who was the only US President whose mother tongue was not English?
Martin Van Buren - Dutch. 8th President 1837 to 1841.
Q472. Which state of USA is called "Alloha State"?
Hawai'i
Q473. What is the name for the Headquarters of the American Department of Defence?
The Pentagon - Virginia. Designed by George Bergstrom - built between 1941 to 1943 - 604000 SQM - built between 1941-43.
Q474. Pittsburgh a city in USA is named after?
William Pitt, British PM.
Q475. What river flows past Washington DC?
Potomac.
Q476. Who is the only US President who has not lived in the White House?
George Washington.
Q477. Which two states in US have towns called "Christmas"?
Arizona and Florida.
Q478. Who is the first US President to die in office?
William Henry Harrison. 9th President - 4-3-1841 to 4.4.1841 (Q.12)
Q479. What is the secret service code of President Barack Obama?
Renegade.
Q480. Which city of USA is called the " Emerald City"?
Seattle.
Q481. What was the word missed out in the oath taken by the present US President Barack Obama which resulted in his taking the oath for the second time?
Faithfully.

VENEZUELA

CONTINENT: S.America
CAPITAL: Caracas
AREA: 16465 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity
LANGUAGE: Spanish
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 29.1 million
LITERACY: 95 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Congress
CURRENCY: Bolivar Fuerte
MAJOR CITIES: Caracas, Maracaibo, Valencia
BORDERS: Colombia, Brazil, Guyana, Caribbean Sea
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 10 deg 30'N 66 deg 58'W
PRESIDENT: Nicolas Maduro
BRIEF HISTORY:
It was sighted by Columbus in 1498 and colonized by Spain in 1522. Achieved self rule through a coup in April 1810. Declared independence on 5.7.1811, confirmed only in 1821.
The country was part of the Grand Colombian Republic comprising of Colombia, Panama and Equator until 1830, and then got separated to become independent.
Until 1959, there was political instability and military rule, thereafter some normalcy restored.
In 1998, Hugo Chavez became President through a coup and continues to be the President, through an election in 2002, a referendum in 2004 and got elected for another term in December 2006.
Q482. What is the world's highest waterfall located here in Venezeula?
ANGEL FALLS - with a water drop of 979 meters.
Q483. Venezeula is also known as......?
Little Venice.

VIETNAM

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Hanoi
AREA: 331698 SQKM
RELIGION: Buddhism,Christianity, Islam, Taoism, Confucianism.
LANGUAGE: Vietnamese, English, French, Chinese.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 90.5 million
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: Dong
MAJOR CITIES: Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh, Haiphong.
BORDERS: Cambodia, Laos, P.R.China, South China Sea.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 21.2 deg 105 deg 51'E
PRESIDENT: Tran Dai Quang
PRIME MINISTER: Nguyen Xuan Phuc 
BRIEF HISTORY:
It is a socialist republic comprising of South and North Vietnam. In its early history upto 10th century, it was under different successive Chinese rulers. By the end of the 10th century, managed to fight against the Chinese and gained independence and ruled by its own dynasties like Trin and Yuan. By mid 19th century, it was colonized by France.
During WW II the Japanese occupied the territory and used it as a military base for war purposes. After the WW II, France tried their best to recapture Vietnam, by entering into a war called First Indochina War that lasted upto 1954. France lost the war and withdrew from Vietnam. But the country got divided as North Vietnam (taking sides with Russia and China) and South Vietnam (taking side with US).
Then in 1954, came the Vietnam War fought mainly in South Vietnam, US backed government forces and Viet Cong guerillas supported by North Vietnam and Russian armaments. It was real bloody war losing thousands of lives. The War finally concluded in 1973 with South Vietnam completely devastated and US participation was widely criticized.
By 1975, South Vietnam completely fell to the North, precisely by 30.4.1975. The situation proved useful in unification process and the South Vietnam also adopted the North's communist ideologies and the complete national insignia. The physical unification took place on 2.7.1976. Thereafter the country has been progressing steadily in all fields.

YEMEN

CONTINENT: Asia
CAPITAL: Sa'ana (Summer) Aden (Winter)
AREA: 555000 SQKM
RELIGION: Islam
LANGUAGE: Arabic
POPULATION: 23.5 million
LITERACY: 65 per cent
CURRENCY: Rial
BORDERS: Saudi Arabia, Oman, Red Sea (Gulf of Aden)
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 15 deg 21'N 44 deg 12'E
PRESIDENT: Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi
PRIME MINISTER: Ahmed Obeid bin Daghr
BRIEF HISTORY:
Lies in the South West of Arabian Peninsula. It was under the Ottoman's rule from the 16th century to early 20th century. North Yemen obtained independence from the Ottoman's in 1918 and became a republic in 1962.
The British who had set up a protected area around the 19th century withdrew in 1967, from what became South Yemen in 1970, which adopted communism. Both the Yemens were united on 22.5.1990 to become the Republic of Yemen.
Although political process has taken over and democratically progressing, the north and south conflict continue to raise the ugly head now and then.

ZAMBIA

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Lusaka
AREA: 752618 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Islam, Animism.
LANGUAGE: Bantu, English.
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic.
POPULATION: 12.9 million
LITERACY: 85 per cent
PARLIAMENT: National Assembly
CURRENCY: Kwacha
MAJOR CITIES: Lusaka, Kitwe, Chingola.
BORDERS: Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, Angola, DR Congo, Tanzania, Malawi.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 15 deg 25'S 28 deg 17'E
PRESIDENT: Edgar Lungu 
BRIEF HISTORY:
Lies in South Central Africa. It is named after the Zambesi river. The country itself got established by the influx of tribals from Zaire, Angola etc., comprising the Bantu Tribes and was ruled by Kingdom of Barotseland - ruled by Lozi tribes.
By the end of 19th century, the British started their control over the region, which was then called as Northern and Southern Rhodesia, now Zambia and Zimbabwe. The administration was handed over to British South African Company, which remained so till 1924.
Northern Rhodesia separated from it and became Zambia on 24.10.1964, under British Commonwealth. Kenneth Kaunda became the President and remained in power till 1991. Thereafter it is peaceful regularly due elections conducted.
What is the major health concern of Zambia?
One of the largest AIDS affected country.

ZIMBABWE

CONTINENT: Africa
CAPITAL: Harare
AREA: 3902757 SQKM
RELIGION: Christianity, Tribal.
LANGUAGE: English, Shona, Ndebela.,
POLITICAL STATUS: Republic
POPULATION: 12.5 million
LITERACY: 85 per cent
CURRENCY: *** (see the question below)
MAJOR CITIES: Harare, Bulawayo, Gheru.
BORDERS: South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION: 17 deg 50'S 31 deg 3'E
PRESIDENT: Robert Mugabe
BRIEF HISTORY:
Prior to the arrival of Europeans and colonization it was ruled by Rozwi Empire for centuries. British occupation began in 1890, under the leadership of Cecil Rhodes after whom the area was named as Rhodesia.
The region was given to British South Africa company for administration in 1888 and was taken back by the British in 1924. Immediately the region was granted self governance, retaining the diplomatic and political development with London.
From 1953 to 1963, it was part of a federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. When the federation broke down, the Southern Rhodesia reverted back to its status as a crown colony and was called Rhodesia.
In 1965, the Rhodesian Front headed by Ian Smith who won a land slide victory in the elections, announced unilateral independence and owed allegiance to the Queen as the Head of State, and refused to recognize the Governor. In 1970 it was declared a Republic.
It was named as "Zimbabwe Rhodesia" in 1979 and again as "Republic of Zimbabwe" from 18.4.1980. In the elections held in March 1980 in which Rev.Canaan Banana became the President and Robert Mugabe as PM. On 1.1.1988 Robert Mugabe became the President and in subsequent elections also he retained his position and continues.
Q484. Zimbabwe has the world's largest deposit of?
Platinum.
Q485. What is the major health concern of Zimbabwe?
One fourth of the population are HIV+ people.
Q486. What does "Zimbabwe" literally mean?
House of Stone.
Q487. What is the currency of Zimbabwe (as of July 2012)?
Zimbabwe does not have its own currency in use now. Its currency of dollar has been suspended due to hyperinflation. At present, US Dollar, South African Rand, Botswanian Pula and Euro are being used.