Khub.info Learn TNPSC exam and online pratice

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Q1. What does skeletal system comprise of?
Comprises of 206 bones from head to toe.
Q2. What are the functions of skeletal system?
1. They are connective tissues in the body.
2. Stiffen the body.
3. Act as levers upon which muscles work.
4. Gives shape to the body.
5. Protect the internal organs.
6. The bone marrow produces blood cells.
Q3. What is marrow?
The soft, vascular, fatty tissue that fills the cavities of most bones. Thus called bone marrow.
Q4. What are the bones made and consist of?
Consists of 80% solid matter and 20% water or fluid. The solid matter in the bone is derived mainly from cartilage - a tough elastic whittish tissue forming part of the skeleton. It consists of : -
1) Organic matter - 33.30%
2) Phosphate of lime - 51.04%
3) Carbonate of lime - 1.30%
4) Fluoride of calcium - 2.00%
5) Phosphate of Magnesia - 1.16%
6) Soda/Chloride of Sodium - 1.00%.
Q5. With how many bones does a child take birth and upon adulthood how many bones are there?
New born normally has 300 bones. In the process of growth 94 bones fuse together and by adulthood it becomes 206.
Q6. What unique features the new born child has with reference to bones?
1. 300 bones later to become 206. 2. No knee caps at birth which develops later.
Q7. What are the types of bones?

Long: Work as the levers in the upper and lower extremites (arms and legs) Eg: Humerus, Tibia, Femur, Ulna, Meta Carpals.
Short: Short and cube shaped. Eg: Wrists and ankles.
Flat: Flat surfaced bones. Eg: Cranial bones, Shoulder blades, Hips.
Irregular: Other bones which are not classified as such found in skull, vertebrae (Spine) etc.
Q8. What is the distribution of bones in the body?
SKULL: (8) Frontal -1; Parietals - (2) (two sides); Occipital - (1); Temporals -(2); Sphenoid - (1); Ethmoid - (1) = (8).
FACIAL BONES: (14) - Lachrymals - (2); Nasal bones (os-nazole or Zygomalicum) - (2); Cheek - (2); Vomer- (1); Sponge bones - (2); Palate - (2); Superior Maxillary (Maxilla)- (2); and Mausdible - lower jaw- (1) = (14).
UPPER EXTREMITES: (32) - Scapula (Shoulder blades triangular) - (1); Clavicle (Collar)- (1); Humerus (Fore arm) - (1); Radius and Ulna (Front arm) - (2); Carpals (Wrist)- (8); Meta Carpals (Middle hand)- (5); Phalasges (Finger)- (14); Total 32 for one side and both sides put together makes up = (64).
BACK BONE (SPINE): (33) The last nine bones near the anus are fused together into two. They are classified as follows: Cervical vertebrae - Top seven - 7 Dorsal - the next 12 attached to rib cage - 12 Lumbar vertebrae, the next 5 below ribs - 5 Sacrum - one consisting of 5 bones - 5 Coccyx - one consisting of 4 bones - 4 = (33) CHEST BONES - Rib cage - 12 pairs = (24)
HIP BONES - Pelvis consists of three bones called Ilium, Ischium and the Pubis fused into one for adults - 3 = (3)
LEG BONES: 30 in each leg - Femur (Thigh) - (1); Tibia and Fibula - Shin and calf - (2); Patela (Knee cap) - (1); Tarsus (ankle) - (7); Phalanges (fingers) - (7).
To make it simple, the distribution is: Skull - 8 + Shoulder Blade - 2 + Hands - 60 + Hip - 3 + Legs - 60 + Face - 14 + Collar bones - 2 + Chest / ribs - 24 + Spine - 33 = 206.
Q9. Mention the medical term and names for the various bones in the body?

CRANIUM - Skull bones
FRONTAL - Forehead
PARIETAL - Two sides of Head
LACHRYMALS - smallest and fragile bone on the face
OS - NAZLES -  Nasal bone
MAXILLA - - Upper Jaw
VOMER - Facial bone of the skull
MANDIBLE - Lower Jaw
HUMERUS - Fore arm
RADIUS - Front arm bone outer
ULNA - Front arm bone inner
SCAPULA - Shoulder Blade
CLAVICLE - Collar bone
CARPALS (TRAPEZIUM) - Wrist bones
META CARPALS - Hands (between wrist & fingers)
PHALANGES - Fingers (for hand and legs)
VERTEBRAE - Spine (General name),
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE - From neck top seven - neck
DORSAL VERTEBRAE - Twelve attached to the ribs
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE - 5 bones below top seven
SACRUM (Sacred bones) - Five fixed into one vertebrae
COCCYIX - the last four bones - vertebrae
THORAX - General name for chest bones
STERNUM - Center bone connected to ribs
PELVIS - OS COXAE - General name for hip bones,
ILIUM, ISCHIUM, PUBIS - Hip bones individually
FEMUR - Thigh bone, TIBIA - Shin bone (in the leg below knee)
FIBULA - Calf bone
PATELLA - Knee cap
TARSUS - Ankle bones
MALLEUS, INCUS - Ear bones
HAMMER, ANVIL, STIRRUP - Small Ear bones
HYOID - Hanging bone in throat,
Q10. What is the name for the study of bones? How the specialist is called?
OSTEOLOGY - OSTEOLOGIST
Q11. What is the average weight of the bones in relation to body weight?
20% (1/5th) of the body weight.
Q12. Which is the longest bone in the body?
FEMUR - Thigh bone - 50 cms average.
Q13. Which is the smallest bone in the body?
STIRRUP bones in the ear. Comprising of Hammer, Anvil and Stirrup. Also known as stapes.
Q14. Which bone, not forming part of the skeletal system, is called a "Hanging bone"?
HYOID bone in the throat. It is U shaped.
Q15. What is the name for the place where two bones come together? What are the types of bone joints?
Articulation - they are of three types. (1)IMMOVABLE;(2)SLIGHTLY MOVABLE; and (3)FREELY MOVABLE.
Q16. Depending on their movement, how the bones are classified and called?
IMMOVABLE: Are called Synarthroses - the skull bones which are joined by sutures and has no mobility.
SLIGHTLY MOVABLE: Are called Amphiarthroses - the ribs connected to the sternum - chest bone - are examples of this type.
FREELY MOVABLE: Are called Diarthrosis - which includes the shoulder, the hip (Ball and Socket) the metacarpals in the palm, the phalanges - finger bones etc. In simple terms they are called as : Ball & Socket: The shoulder and hip joints which gives a rotational movement to any side. Hinge joints: Elbow and Knee joints which moves only a one way. and other joints like - Pivot joints, Condyloid joints, Saddle joints.
Q17. What are the types of fractures?
SIMPLE:, COMPOUND:, MULTIPLE:, GREEN STICK: It is complete fracture and deforms the bone.
Q18. What bone connects the leg to the foot?
Tallus.
Q19. What are scaphoid bones?
Wrist.
Q20. Which branch of medicine proved that electricity helps the growth of bones?
Electrotherapy.
Q21. Where in the body would you find the "hamate" bone?
Wrist.
Q22. Where in the body would you find the "Ihium"?
Hip.
Q23. Where would you find the metarsal bones?
Foot.
Q24. The connective tissue membrane surrounding a bone is known as?
Periosteum - the outer covering of a bone.
Q25. Which tissue acts as a strong inextensible attachment of skeletal muscles to bones?
Tendons.
Q26. Haversian cowabs are found in?
Bones.
Q27. Of the various vertebrae in man, name the type which are 12 in number?
Thoracic.
Q28. How many bones are there in the human feet?
Twenty six.
Q29. Maxilla and Mandible bones form the?
Chin.
Q30. What is the major component of bone?
Calcium Phosphate.
Q31. How many bones are there in the skull?
Twenty two (Skull 8 + Face 14).
Q32. Which bone is horse shoe shaped?
Mandible - Lower jaw.
Q33. Which part of the human bone represents the vestiges of a tail?
Coccyx.
Q34. Where is Radius bone?
Arm.
Q35. What is the disease characterized by the inflammation of joints?
Arthritis.
Q36. What is Osteomalacia?
A bone disease characterized by a softening of the bones due to deficiency of calcium salts.
Q37. What is Osteomyelitis?
Infection of bone marrow or structures.
Q38. What is Osteopathy?
A school of medicine and surgery emphasizing the inter relationship of the musculo skeletal system to all other body parts.
Q39. What is Osteoporosis?
A bone disease in which the bones become brittle due to loss of calcium.
Q40. The main body of the vertebrae is called?
Centrum.
Q41. Sudden bone fractures in old people is an indication of ...?
Osteoporosis.
Q42. Which part of the body contains more than a quarter of the total bones?
Legs.
Q43. What causes the sound coming out of the breaking of knuckles?
It is the sound of nitrogen gas bubbles bursting.
Q44. Where are the Scaphoid bones?
Wrist.
Q45. Which part of the body is made up of Tarsals, Metatarsals and Phalanges?
Feet.
Q46. Which place in India is famous for producing artificial legs for amputees?
Jaipur, Rajasthan.
Q47. What is the anatomical name for calf-bone?
Fibula.
Q48. Bone loss begins at what age?
30 to 35 years.