OBSCULA (meaning Dark chamber) by AL HAZEN an Iraqi scientist in the 11th century.

OBSCURA - By Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke of UK in 1665-1666.

JOHANN ZANN of Germany in 1685.

JOSEPH NICEPHORE NIEPCE of Germany in 1826/27 using a sliding wooden camera, made by Charles and Vincent chevalier in Paris.

1836 - Joseph Nicephore Niepce and Louis Jacques Daguerre of Germany invented the first practical photographic method, called DAGGUERREO TYPE, using silver coated copper plate, treated with Iodine vapour to make it sensitive to light. The image was developed by mercury vapor and fixed with a strong solution of ordinary salt.

1871-Desire Van Monkhoven/Germany invented GELATIN DRY PLATES which helped in speed and quality of films.

JAMES CLERK MAXWELL in 1861.

Steven Sasson - an Engineer with Eastman Kodak  in the 1970s.

Fuji Ds-1P in 1988.

Dycam / model 1 / Logitech footman - 1990.

Eastman Kodak. 1885.

LENS: An optical lens or assembly of lenses used in conjunction with a camera body and mechanism to make images of objects either on photographic film or on other media capable of storing an image chemically or electronically. It can be a permanently fixed one or may be interchangeable with lenses of different focal lengths, apertures and other properties.
SHUTTER: A device that allows light to pass for a determined period of time, for the purpose of exposing photographic film or a light sensitive electronic sensor to light to capture a permanent image of a scene.
DIAPHRAGM: A thin opaque structure with an opening at its centre. It stops the passage of light, except for the light passing through the aperture. The centre of the diaphragm's aperture coincides with the optical axis of the lens system. Modern cameras use a type of adjustable diaphragm called Iris Diaphragm - often called Iris.

1. SINGLE LENS REFLEX CAMERA: Here SLR stands as the acronym for single lens Reflex. It is a digital camera that uses an automatic mirror system placed between the lens and the image sensor to direct the image from the lens through the view finder where it can be viewed by the photographer.

A camera fitted with Range finder - a device that measures the distance from the observer to a target, for the purpose of surveying, determining focus in photography or accurately aiming a weapon.

A camera which takes a rapid sequence of photographs on strips of film, taking series of images called "frame". Playing the frames on a movie projector at a specific speed is called the frame rate - number of frames per second. The standardized frame rate for commercial sound film is 24 frames per second.

A specially adapted camera used in television and film to animate a still picture or object.

A movie camera specially adapted for frame by frame for shooting animation or stop motion.

A color filter array for arranging RGB color filters on a square grid of photo sensors. Invented by Dr,Bryce E. Bayer of Eastman Kodak and refers to a particular arrangement of color filters used in most single chip digital image sensors and all kinds of digital cameras.

A sheet of plastic - polyester, nitrocellulose, or cellulose acetate - coated with an emulsion containing light sensitive SILVER HALIDE salts, bonded by GELATIN, with variable crystal sizes that determine the sensitivity, contrast and resolution of the film. When the emulsion is sufficiently exposed to light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as x-ray, it forms and invisible image, which is then chemically processed to create a visible image called film developing.

B & W films normally have one layer of silver salts. When the exposed grains are developed, the silver salts are converted to metallic silver, which block light and appear as the black part of the film "Negative".

Colour films uses atleast 3 layers, which absorb to the surface of the silver salts, make the crystals sensitive to different colours. During development, the exposed silver salts are converted to metallic silver gust like the B&W film. The by products of the development reaction simultaneously combine with chemicals known as "colour couplers" that are included either in the film itself or in the developer solution to form coloured dyes. Because the by products are created in direct proportion to the amount of exposure and development, the dye clouds formed are also in proportion to the exposure and development. Following development the silver is converted back to silver salts in the process called BLEACH STEP. It is then removed by the process called Fix STEP. This leaves behind only the formed colour dyes, which combine to make up the coloures visible image. Some colour films, like the KODAK COLOR II have more as many as 12 layers on the high, with upwards of 20 different chemicals in each layer.

It is colloquially called "Hypo solution". Actually, it is a combination of "thiosulphate ion" or "sodium thiosulphate" added with a small quantity of acetic acid. Such a process of development is called "Dark Room Processing".

8,16, 35 and 70mm films of which 35mm is the most used. It became possible to develop cinematic films due to the development of transparent flexible film base called CELLULOID by JOHN CARBUTT, HANNIBAL GOODWIN and GEORGE EASTMAN. Eastman Kodak was the first to make it commercially available in 1889 and was dominant in the field.

FUJI-JAPAN-1934; KODAK-USA-1892; KONICA-JAPAN-1873;

Canon

Sodium (Soda) or POTASSIUM (Potash) salt of fatty acids, which can be derived from oil or fat by reacting them with an alkali (such as Sodium or potassium Hydroxide) at 80-100 degree c in a process called SAPONIFICATION (the reaction of a metallic alkali (base) with a fat or oil to from soap).

When Sodium Hydroxide is used, hard soap is formed. When potassium Hydroxide is used soft soaps are formed.

SODIUM TALLOWATE - derived form "rendered" beef fat (RENDERING is a process that converts waste animal tissue into stable value added material.

The fats are hydrolized by the basic yielding GLYCEROL and crude soap. Soap is thus derived from fats or oil.

Palm, Olive, coconut, Almond, Hemp and Jojoba oils.

By purification and removal of Sodium Chloride Sodium Hydroxide and Glycerol. These components are removal by boiling the crude soap curds in water and reprecipitating the soap with salt. Then most of the water is removed leaving only 6 to 12% moisture content. Then fragrances are added. Then after a series of mechanical process and drying, made into small handy pieces.

"Pears" the famous transparent soap by Andrew Pears of UK in 1789.

William Hesketh Lever and his brother James started the commercial large scale production in1885. It is later to become the famous "UNILEVER".

SURFACTANTS: A wetting agent to cut grease like object and allow wetting;
ABRASIVES: To act as scourers.
WATER SOFTENERS: To counteract the effect of hard water.
OXIDANTS: For Bleaching and destruction of dirt.
NON SURFACTIONS: Material that keep dust in Suspension.
ENZYMES: To digest proteins, fats or carbohydrates in dirt or to modify fabric fed.

1896 - with Hydrogen Peroxide and Baking soda.

FLUORIDE - ionic form of fluorine in 1914. When it was approved by the American Dental Association, it became a regular ingredient.

SODIUM FLUORIDE.

(1) Sodium Monofluoro Phosphate is also used by brands, (2) Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, (3) Powdered White Mica, (4) Baking Soda, (5) Enzymes, 6. Vitamins, (7) Herbs, (8) Calcium, (9) Calcium Sodium, (10) Phosphosilicate, (11) Mouthwash (antiseptic and antiplaque), (12) HydrogenPeroxide, (13) Antibacterial agent like Triclosan or Zinc Chloride, (14) Flavouring agents, like Mint, Amise, Apricot, Cinnamon, Feunel, Neem, Ginger, Vanilla, Lemon. Orange, pine, and coloring agents.

Colgate & Co.,

William Addis of England.

H.N. WADSWORTH - USA - 1850.

1935 - by Du Pont bristles and came into use in February 1938.

"BROXODENT" introduced by Bristol Myers Co., London in 1959.

1987 - "the Interplak" _ effective in removal of plaque.

Walter Hunt of USA.

Thomas Saint of UK.

Singer Manifacturing Co, New Jersey - 1889.

AGLET.

PUNCH - Ireland - 1851. ERDAL - Germany

KIWI - invented by William Rausay and William Mc kelllan of Australia in 1904.

Charlie Chaplin.

HIGH HEELS: Shoes with about 2 inches heels.
SANDALS: Shoes with straps to secure the sole to the foot, leaving much of the foot exposed to air.
CLOG: Type of shoe made predominantly of wood.
PLATFORM SHOE: Shoes with very thick soles/heels.
MOCCASIN: Shoe very soft and without a heel, generally made of leather.
LOAFER: A dress or casual shoe without laces.
BOOTS: Long shoes made of leather.
ATHELETIC SHOES:
SNEAKERS: General purpose & training shoes.
TRACK SHOES: A light weight often with metal or plastic cleats.
CLEATS: A type of shoes featuring moulded or removable studs. Normally used in Rugby, foot-ball, base ball etc.,
POINT SHOES: Designed for ballet dancing.
GOLF SHOES: With spikes for better grip in grass and wet ground.
BOWLING SHOES: Used in Bowling Alleys (Bowling a separate game, not connected to cricket).
HIKING SHOES: With stiff upper and more eyelets to provide ankle support on uneven terrain with extra large traction on the sole. Used for mountain hiking.
CLIMBING SHOES: Designed for rock climbing with little or no padding, smooth stick rubber sole. Not useful for other purposes.
WALKING SHOES: Light weight and more flexible with or without air holes.
ORTHOPAEDIC SHOES: Specially designed for people with limb disabilities.

Measurement of shoe sizes in Europe. Worth two thirds of a centimeter.

F.BRANNOCK DEVICE: A measuring instrument invented by CHARLES F. BRANNOCK for computing a persons' shoe size. It is an international standard of the foot wear industry. Invented and patented in 1926.

1) ADIDAS: German - Founded by ADOLF DASLER, (the name ADIDAS derived from this) in 1920. It manufactures sports goods, shoes and other youth oriented wears. It has the unique record of being the official ball supplier to the FIFA world cup from 1970 to 2006.
2) BATA: Based at Lanzanne , Switzerland - founded in 1894 by TOMAZ BATA - started in India at Batanagar Kolkatta in 1936. Bata has a shoe Museum at Toronto, Canada
3) LACOSTE: A French Company founded in 1933- besides shoes, the company is famous for high end clothing "CROCODILE" brand T shirts, Perfume, Leather Goods, Watches, Eye wear etc.
4) PUMA AG: Germany - from the family of ADIDAS founded by RUDOLF DASSLER in 1924. Sports goods and sportswear are its products.
5) NIKE: USA - 1972 - sportswear and equipments.
6) REEBOK: Subsidiaries of Adidas AG-Founded in 1895, England, Footwear, Accessories and sportswear are its products.
7) LOTTO: Italy - 1973 - sports goods and shoes. Zero gravity laceless football shoes are its famous produce.

1) REED PENS: Made of Bamboo, mostly used during Egyptian civilization, for wirting on papyrus.
2) QUILLS: Feathers of birds especially Goose, dipped in ink and written.
3) DIP PEN: Pens made of wood, bones and metal with a metallic ink with capillary action mounted on them. The nibs are dipped in the ink and written. These type of preceded the modern day fountain pens and others to follow. BIRMINGHAM, UK was the centre of manufacturing dis pens.

PETRACHU POENARU - a French student invented the first fountain pen which was patented by the French Government in 1827.

LEWIS EDSON WATERMAN: of New York, USA invented the capillary feed fountain pen in 1884 and he is considered to be the inventor of modern day fountain pens.

JOHN J.LOUD - 1888 -

LAZLO BIRD a Hungarian, was the next to patent more advanced ball point per with a tine ball rotating and picking up ink from the catridge. It was patented in 1940 as BIRD Pens of Argentina and by 1943 it was available in the market.

YUKIO HORIE of Japan

FLAIR - Became very popular when it hit the market in the 1960s. It was followed by felt tipped MARKER and HIGHLIGHTERS. Later in 1980s/1990s. Roller and Gell pens came into use with more advanced technology.

ISO 12756; 14145; and 14145-2 of 1998.

1) TECHNICAL PEN: A specialized pen used by Engineer specially civil - and Draftsmen to make line of constant width for technical drawings. These pens have different nib sizes in one set from 013 to 2.0mm. STEADTLER, ROTRING and FABER CASTEL are the famous brands.
2) PELIKAN GRAPHOS PEN: Founded in 1838. It is a set of fountain pen used with "Indian Ink" use by architects and Engineers. It is a set of many nibs with a single holder. Made by Rotring.
3) STEADTLER MARS PENS: A technical and professional pen used by technical personnel with indelible pigment ink capable of drawing line with a width of 0.18mm to .7mm.

A liquid made from dyes and pigments and used for writing. There are different types and colours. With the invention of Ball point, Roller and Gel pens, use of liquid ink based pens are considerably reduced.

1. INDIAN INK: An ink, only Black, used specifically for drawing, inking of comics  strips etc. Not fit for use in fountain pens as it has a tendency to clog immediately
2. IRON GALL INK: A purple black ink made from Iron Salts and TANNIN from vegetable sources. Not useful for fountain pens.
3. ALIZARIN INK: Created in 1855 with Alzarine Dye - derived from the root of "Madder plant".
4. CONDUCTIVE INK: An ink that is conductive, allowing a circuit to be drawn or printed on a variety of materials including paper. It is a cheap way to print circuit boards on paper. It contains powdered silver and carbon.
5. QUINK: An ink, capable of drying quickly - developed by Parker pen co., 1931. An alkaline based ink with many advantages.
6. SOY INK: Made ffrom soya beans oil - Mixed with pigments - Economic, ecofriendly and long lasting.
7. INDELLIBLE INKS: Once dried not easily erasable. Used for security printing and for finger marking during elections. It is manufactured in India by Mysore paints and varnishes Ltd., Mysore only.

(1) AURORA-Italy-1919, (2) LAMY-Germany-1930, (3). MONT BLANC-Germany-1911, (4) MONT GRAPPA-Italy-1912-Now with RICHMONTE of Switzerland SINCE 2000, (5) NAMIKI-Japan, (6) OMAS-Italy-1925 , (7) PARKER-USA-1891-Founder-GEORGE STAFFOROPARKER, (8) PELIKAN-Germany, (9) PILOT-Japan-1918, (10) ROTRING-Germany-1928-Technical Pens, 11. SHEAFFER-USA, 12. VISCONTI-France-1988, 13. WATER MAN-USA-1883.

Graphite (enclosed in wooden cylinders)

H=Hardness; B=Blackness and the numbers indicate the pointness.

Unlike conventional pencils which are cylindrical in shape, carpenter pencils are rectangular in body shape with flat graphite core to facilitate easy and thick line drawings.

Pencil that which works on the system of Jotter Pens, in which very thin and hard graphite sticks are inserted and pushed to the tip by hand mechanism. Invented in Britain in 1822 by JAMES MOROAN.

1822: Bernard Lassimone - France - First patented a mechanical sharpener.
1847: Therry Des Estewaux - invented the manual pencil sharpener. John Lee Love invented the portable sharpener.

China - in the 2nd century - 105 AD.

Bamboo, Bagasse, Vegetable fibres etc.,

ISO 216. It starts with AO size (square metre size and goes down to A8. These sizings are based on German standard DIN 476 of paper sizes.India adopted this paper size in 1957.

A0 = 841 x 1189mm;
A1 = 594 x 841mm;
A2 = 420 x 594mm;
A3 = 297 x 420mm;
A4 = 210 x 297mm;
A5 = 148 x 210mm;
A6 = 105 x 148mm;
A7 = 74 x 105mm;
A8 = 52 x 74mm;
A9 = 37 x 52mm;
A10 = 26 x 37mm; -used for Magazines, Books, Writing Paper.
B0 =1000 x 1414mm;
B1 = 707 x 1000mm;
B2 = 500 x 707mm;
B3 = 153 x 500mm;
B4 =250 x 353mm;
B5 =176 x 250mm;
B6 = 125 x 276mm;
B7 = 88 x 125mm;
B8 = 62 x 88mm,
B9 = 44 x 62mm;
B10 = 31 x 44mm-Posters.
C0 = 917 x 1297mm;
C1 = 648 x 217mm;
C2 = 458 x 648mm;
C3 = 324 x 458mm;
C4 = 229 x 324mm;
C5 = 162 x 229mm;
C6 = 114 x 162mm;
C7 = 81 x 114mm;
DL = 110 x 220mm;
C7/6 = 81 x 162mm- for making Envelopes.
Of these A4 is the most commonly used size -210 x 297mm / 8.3 x 11.7 inches. These sizes are general and some countries like USA and Japan have their own sizes.

BANK PAPER: Thin and strong - commonly used for documentation.                                                                                                                                                                               BOND PAPER: High quality and durable used for writing. Heavier than Bank paper, used for Government documentation, letter heads and other stationeries. It is generally made from rag pulp unlike other papers made of wood pulp.,
CONSTRUCTION/SUGAR PAPER: Coarse colored paper available in large sizes/sheets. Comes in different colors and used by school children for art projects etc.,,
INK JET PAPER: A paper designed for inkjet printers typically classified by its weight, brightness, smoothness, and sometimes by its capacity.,                             PHOTO PAPER: A category of inkjet paper designed specifically for reproduction of photographs.,
LAID PAPER: A type of paper having a ribbed texture, commonly used by artists as a support for charcoal drawings.,
NEWSPRINT: Low cost, low quality, non-archival (storable) paper. Usually has an off white colour and a distinctive feel. Generally made by a mechanical milling process, without the chemical process that is usually used to remove LIGNIN from the pulp. The LIGNIN causes the paper to rapidly become brittle and yellow when exposed to air and /or sunlight., A newspaper roll width is called WEB.,
LITMUS PAPER: A specially manufactured color paper used for testing the acidity or alkaline content of a solution. Red and Blue and the Neutral papers are purple. Litmus is derived from lichens (plants),
PHOTO GRAPHIC PAPER : These papers have been in use since the beginning of all negative - positive photographic processes invented by NICEPHORE NIEPCE of France in 1824, and popularized by William Fox Talbott of UK in 1841. These papers have two layers (1) Photographic Emulsion and (20 paper base traditional B&W papers are of three types (1) Fibre based (2) Resin coated and (3) coloured.,
RICE PAPER: Made from rice plants, straw or flour. Rice straw papers are used as cigarette paper, lamp shades or partition walls.,
SAND PAPER: A form of paper where an abrasive material has been fixed to its surface, used for turning a rough surface to smooth or to remove any unwanted material from the intended surface. They are available in paper or cloth bases. The abrasive materials used in them are generally garnet, Emery (a hard rock powder), Aluminium Oxide, Silicon Carbide, Chromium oxide etc.,,
They are categorized into three main categories viz: COARSE, MEDIUM and FINE. They are also numbered differently based on the average abrasive particles in micrometer., Isaac Fishcher of USA was the first to patent a sandpaper in 1834.,
TRACING PAPER: A type of transparent paper. Made by immersing unsized and unloaded paper of good quality in sulphuric acid for a few seconds. It is used by artists, to trace an image on it.,
TYVEK PAPER: A synthetic material made of high density polyethylene fibres by DUPONT. Strong and difficult to tear, completely water repellant. Used mainly in medical packaging, enveloping, car covers, as house wraps etc.,,
WALL PAPER: A decorative paper to decorate the walls, with different patterns and colors and used for decorating walls.,
WASHI: A type of paper manufactured in Japan, made from the fibres of the bark of GAMP tree and Mitsumata shrub and other sources like Bamboo, hemp, and rice. Used in the traditional arts like Origami, shodo and Ukiyo-e, and also for making household goods, toys etc.,,
WAX PAPER: A kind of paper that is made moisture proof through the application of wax. Used in various baking applications and used as a splatter cover in microwave cooking.,
COATED PAPER: A paper coated with inorganic compound - KAOLINITE compound is generally used - protects against ultraviolet radiation. Mostly used in commercial printing and comes is Glossy and matt surfaces.

Germany.

VELOCIPEDE by WALTER HUNT.

PENNY FARTHING.

1) VELOCIPEDE,
2) PENNY FARTHING ,
3) 1869: First high wheel bicycle was built by Eugene Meyer.,
4) 1878: Albert Pope manufactured "Columbia" bicycle in England.,
5) 1884: Thomas Stevens rode a "Columbia" penny farthing from San Francisco to Boston and then between 1885-1886 he rode through Europe, Middle East, China and Japan and became the first person to cycle around the world.,
6) J.K STARLEY and friends introduced the chain drive.,
7) 1888: JOHN BOYD DUNLOP introduced the pneumatic tyre which later became Universal. ,
8) 1898: Brake systems were invented. Then Bicycle gearing systems developed.,
9) 1890 Kirk Patrick McMillan, UK, is credited with the invention of rear wheel driven bicycle.

1) UTILITY: General purpose.,
2) MOUNTAIN : Mountain climbing with gears to make ascending easy.,
3) RACING : Light weight and high speed.,
4) TIME TRIAL : With aero-dynamic frames.,
5) TRACK: Indoor (and outdoor) cycle racing in VELODROMES (cycle racing tracks) .,
6) TOURING: For tours and long Journeys.,
7) BMX : Stunts and Tricks.,
8) CRUISER: Heavy framed and ballooned tyres.,
9) TANDEM: Designed to carry another person.,
10) RECUMBENT : Seating comfort increased where the rider can recline and lie supine.,
11) EXERCISE: Stationary and used for exercise.,
12) CLOWN : Used in circus for comedic effect buncking bike, tall bike, come apart bike etc.

A piece of coloured, printed piece of cloth, neatly folded in to a shape, worn around the neck, vertically or horizontally, under the shirt collar, as a matter of dress ethic, social status etc., comes in attractive colours patterns, designs, stripes, and worn to match the dress.

CRAVAT: A neck brand - forerunner of the modem necktie.,
ASCOT: A narrow neck brand with wide pointed wings, traditionally made of pale gray pattern silk.,
BANDS: A formal neckwear worn by some clergy, lawyers and nurses etc.,
BOLO: A type of necktie consisting of a piece of cord fastened with an ornamental bar or clasp.,
BOW: A small piece of neck tie (rectangular) mostly in black which remains horizontal unlike others which hang vertically. Generally worn in Europe & America by high dignitaries and high level personalities., Its use can be seen mostly with the people in the hospitality industry viz: Hotels.,
CLIPON: A bow tie which is permanently tied into its knot with a dimple just below the knot, which is fixed only to the front of the shirt collar by a metal clip.,
LONG TIE: A long piece of cloth tied around the neck in different knots. Comes in variety of colors, prints, plains and stripes to be used for different combination of dresses.

1. Four in hand knot (simple knot), 2. Haff windsor knot, 3. Pratt knot, 4.Small knot., 5. Windsor knot

Bow - mostly in Black color.

BANDS.

Aboyne.

West African region.

Barong Tagalong.

Belted Plaid.

Women of Korea.

United Kingdom.

LACHHA - Punjabi; MUNDU- Malayalam; VESHTI - Malayalam., Tamil; DHUTI - Bengali; PANCHA - Telugu; DHOTAR - Marathi; PANCHE- Kannada.

Unmarried women of Japan. The dress is an off-spring of the national dress kimono.

Gamcha

Grameen check.

Men of Scotland.

KIMONO.

Longyi.

The belt worn by a Sumo wrestler.

MADISAR.

PANCHAKATCHAM.

Roman women.

Sehra.

Yashmak.

Attires of Samurai class of Japan.

Akubra.

Antony Eden Hat - Antony Eden, a cabinet Minister of UK in the 1930s popularized it

Green - Infantry; Maroon - Parachute; Dark Green - Light Infantry & Rifle; Black - Armoured; Grey - Army Ariation; Scarlet - Military Police; Navy Blue - Other corps & regiments; Khaki - Home Guards.

Biretta.

Bowler Hat.

Calotte.

Capuchon.

Farm workers of North America and Mexico.

Feather Bonnet.

Hardee Hat - Also called Model 1858 Dress Hat.

KLOBUK.

General Frederick Browning of England during WWII. He was influenced by his famous novelist wife Daphne Du Marrier.

Jacqucline Kennedy wearing a pink colored pill box hat on the day of assassination of her husband John F.Kennedy.

Caps worn while smoking to prevent the hair from smelling of smoke.

A type of cowboy hat with a very high crown.

Toque.

Tyrolean.

"ZUCHETO' - ALSO CALLED "Pileolus" White - Pope; Red - Cardinal; Violet - Bishop; Black - Deacons and priests.

Samuel Fox, UK - 1852.

An umbrella, larger in size than the hand held umbrellas, normally used in Beach fronts, Gardens etc., Comes in attractive colors.

A small umbrella made of paper, card board and a tooth pick, used as a garnish or decoration in cocktails, desserts, or other food and beverages purely as an ornamental piece.

A liquid, further liquefiable composition, application of which, on any surface, protects it from corrosion or any other form of damage and also decorates it. It comes as either water thinnable or solvent thinnable.

Pigments - coloured powders, Oxides of various metals and minerals, Binders, Solvents and other ingredients like talc, lime, barite, clay, Gypsum, emulsifiers, additives, linseed oil, varnish etc.,

A material that changes the color of light it reflect as the result of selective color absorption. Its usage is wide wherever coloring is required. Pigments are categorized into two:
(1) Prime or Hiding Pigment : Titanium oxide and zinc oxide. They are further classified as Inorganic (dull earth tone colors) and organic (brighter and expansive colours).
(2) Natural Pigment: Clay, Calcium carbonate, mica, silica and tales.

White Paint.

Mostly resins, which helps in forming a film component and acts as adhesion by binding the pigments together. These builders include acrylics, polyurethanes, polyesters, melamine, epoxy etc.

They are used in paints to adjust the viscosity (internal resistance to flow). These include water, petroleum distillate like Turpentine etc., alcohols, Ketones. Ester and glycol etc.,

PRIMERS: Preparatory coating put on surfaces before painting for better coverage /opacity.
VARNISH: Provide a protective coating without changing the color (viz: Teakwood, Bamboo furniture). These are also considered as paints without pigment.
STAINERS: Made of pigments in different colors to neutralize change or increase the color of base materials.
LACQUER: Fast drying solvent based paint or varnish, that produces specially hard durable finish.
ENAMELS: A paint that dries and sticks hard with a glossy finish.
ACRYLLIC: A fast drying paint containing pigments suspended in an acrylic polymer emulsion.
EMULSION: A mixture of two unblendable substance, blend them together to produce the emulsifying material -paint. Also used in manufacture of lotions in the pharmaceutical industry.
ROOF COATING: A fluid applied membrane which has elastic properties that allows it to stretch and returns to their original shape without damage. It provide UV protection.

Brush, Roller and spray.

They come in different, shapes, sizes material for various purposes. As for painting it comes in flat and round shapes. Flat brushes with wooden handle, nowadays in plastic too, with nylon bristles form 1/2 inch to 6 inch sizes. As for art work, flat and round brushes

Nylon by DUPONT. Till recent past, animal hair, specially pig, Rabbits and squirrels were used for making brushes, which has been stopped as measure of animal welfare. With the arrival of digital screen printing, the use of brushes commercially has also come down. with long handles mostly wooden, with black/white bristles. Art brushes come in number identity that is 000 to 20, each of them having own purpose and use.