A natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime along with related concepts like energy and force.

Agrophysics: A branch of science bordering on agronomy and physics with an objective to study the agroeco system.
Astrophysics: A branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the Universe including the physical properties of celestial objects as well as their interaction and behaviour, which includes particle physics, atomic and molecular physics, stellar physics etc.,
Biophysics: A study on biological systems using the methods of physical science.
Ecophysics: A research field applying theories and methods developed by physicists in the field of economics.
Geophysics: A study of the physics of the earth's shape, gravitation, magnetic fields, internal structure, composition, tectonics, magmas, volcanism, rock formations, and a lot of other related matters.
Neurophysics: Comes under biophysics dealing with nervous system.
Psychophysics: A discipline within psychology that quantitatively investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and the perceptions they effect. In simple, it is the study of the relation between stimulus and sensations.
Statistical Physics: A study which uses methods of probability theory and statistics, specially the mathematical tools for dealing with large populations and approximations, in solving physical problems.

Quantum mechanics: Providing a mathematical description of the dual parcicle-like and wave-like behaviour and interaction of matter and energy.
Quantum Field Theory: Provides a theoretical framework for constructing quantum mechanical models of systems classically parametrized by an infinite number of dynamical degrees of freedom, that is, fields and (in a condensed matter context) many body systems.
Classical Mechanics: Concerned with the set of physical laws describing The motion of bodies under the action of a system of forces.
Relativistic Mechanics: Refers to any form of mechanics compatible with either theories of "Special Relativity" and "General Relativity". It is a non-quantum mechanics of a system of particles or of a fluid in cases where some of the velocities are comparable to the speed of light.
Hydrostatistics: The scientific study of fluids at rest, especially when under pressure.
Pneumatics: The study and application of use of pressurized gas to effect mechanical motion.
Aerodynamics: Study of motion of air, particularly when it interacts with a moving object.
Electromagnetism: The force that causes the interaction between electrically charged particles. The areas in which this happens is called electromagnetic field. Statistical Mechanics: A branch of physics that applies probability theory Which contains mathematical tools for dealing with large population.
Thermodynamics: A branch of physics that studies the effects on material bodies and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and work done on or by the bodies or radiation. It interrelates macroscopic variables such as temperature, volume and pressure, which describe physical properties of material bodies and radiation.
Nano technology: Study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular Scale. Generally this technology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 Nanometer (equal to one billionth of a metre) in atleast one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices possessing atleast one dimention within that size.

Anything that occupies space and possesses weight. It can be perceived by one or more senses and possesses mass. It cannot be created or destroyed and can only be changed from one form or another.

Solid, Liquid and Gas. Each of them can be converted to the other by Subjecting them to certain changes in temperature and pressure.

Plasma - the ionized state - which is not present on earth. Sun and Stars are in this state.

Air.

Physical: Solid, Liquid and Gas. Chemical: Pure substance and mixture. Pure Substance: Elements and Compounds. Elements: Metallic and Non-Metallic. Compounds: Organic and Inorganic. Mixture: Homogenous and Heterogenous.

Quantity of matter in a body is called the mass. Mass is not the same as weight, which is the force with which the Earth attracts a body. Mass remains constant, while the weight varies from place to place and is zero at the centre of the earth.

Kilograms.

It is the product of acceleration due to gravity and mass of the body.

It will be much less than that on earth. Actually it will only weight 1/6th of that on earth because the surface gravity on the moon is only 1/6th of the earth. Thus, if a man weighs 72 Kgs on earth, he will weigh only 12 Kgs on the moon.

It is mass per unit volume of a substance and is expressed in the SI Unit as Kg/.............. . Density of water is 1000kg/m to the power of 3.  Densities are expressed as "Relative Density" i.e. Density relative to water, and sometimes called specific gravity.

1. Ice floats on water because its weight is less than the weight of an equal volume of water.
2. A ship floats on the surface of water because the weight of water displaced by the immersed portion of the ship is equal to its own weight. (Archimedes)
3. The Lactometer used to test purity (density) of milk is based on the principle that the greater density of a liquid, the lesser will be the immersion of the object

That which makes a body change its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line - it causes objects to remain stationary, to continue moving steadily or to move faster. There are two types of forces viz: 1. Centrifugal Force: The force which appears to act on an object moving in a circular path. 2. Centripetal Force: The force acting on a body constrained to move in a curved path. It acts inwards on an object moving in a circular path.

When a piece of stone, tied to a thread is whirled you have to pull the thread inwards. This pull on the stone is called Centripetal force and an equal and opposite force is exerted by the stone on the hand, which is called Centrifugal force.

Curved tracks or curved roads are banked or raised on one side so that a fast moving train or vehicle leans inwards, thus providing required centripetal force to enable it to move round the curve.

A cyclist while turning round a curved road leans inwards so as to provide himself with the required centripetal force which enables him to take the turn.

A force that resists the movement of one surface over the other. It is essential because without it brakes would not work, belts would not drive the wheels of a machinery etc.,

Friction between moving parts cause wastage of energy and in such cases, wheels, ball bearings, and lubricants etc., are used to reduce friction.

The capacity of doing work is called energy. It can sxist in different forms. Mechanical, electrical, potential, chemical, kinetic and nuclear etc.,

The energy possessed by a body owing to its position is called "potential Energy". Eg:
1. Wound up Spring.
2. A stretched Rubber band.
3. A bent bow.
4. A reservoir of water.

The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called kinetic energy. 1. A bullet shot from a gun 2. water flowing in down stream.

Energy is never lost or gained but only changes from one form to another. It can neither be created nor destroyed. This is known as "Law of conservation Energy".

The force on the surface of a liquid, in which there is a force of tension due to Inter molecular forces acting on the surface of the liquid. This tention makes the area of the free surface as small as possible and makes The liquid surface behave like a piece of stretched rubber. It is surface tension which causes water to climb up a narrow capillary (phenomenon of capillary action). Rain drops are spherical because of the surface tension. This phenomenon is applicable to the capillary action of a blotting paper absorbing ink.

Almost every event that takes place in the Universe involves movement or Motion of one kind or the other. Motion is the change of position of a body With respect to its surroundings.

Speed: The rate of change of motion.
Velocity: Commonly known as speed, is the rate of change of motion in a Particular direction and expressed in metres per second.
Acceleration: It is the rate of change in velocity of a moving body expressed in metres per second square. Negative acceleration is called "Retardation".

When a force creates the motion in a body it implies work has been done, that is, work is done by a moving force. It is equal to the product of the force and the distance it moves along its line of action. Power is the rate of doing work. Horsepower (hp) and Watts are the units of power.

A body that returns to its original shape and size on the removal of the deforming force (after having deformed within its elastic limit) is called elasticity. Contrary to the conception of elasticity in daily life, in Physics, it stands for opposition to change. Hence, the more rigid a body, the more elastic it is said to be. That is why, steel is more elastic than rubber.

1. Raises temperature of matter.
2. Increases volume of matter.
3. Changes state and physical properties of matter and brings about chemical change.

The heat required to change the state of a substance from solid to liquid to gas without change in temperature.

The degree of heat of a body or substance which can be measured by various scales like centigrade, farenheit etc.,

The change of state from liquid to vapour and thereby results in cooling. Rate of evaporation is affected by wind, heat and surface area. For instance, when alcohol is applied on the forehead of a person having high temperature, the temperature reduces because alcohol while evaporating draws the heat out of the body.

A property enjoyed by metals. The process of heat transfers without visible motion of the atoms or molecules from a region of higher temperature to that of lower temperature. It is the transmission of heat from molelcule.

Silver, followed by copper.

There are large number of free electrons which transport major amount of heat and move from hotter part of the solid to the cooler part transporting heat energy. For example, steel chairs appear cooler, than a wooden chair, during winter, because when the steel chair is touched, it absorbs heat rapidly from the hand, giving the feeling of coldness.

1. Eskimos make double walled ice houses and the air in between two ice Walls does not allow heat to pass. 2. A thermos flask is double walled glass bottles.

Transmission of heat from one point to another without heating the medium, that is, transmission of heat by means of waves without the help of a medium. Polished surface are the best radiators of heat.

1. The double walled glass bottles used in a thermos flask have a silver Coating outside the inner wall and inside the outer wall. 2. White clothes are preferred in summer. 3. On the other hand, radiation is greater from Black surfaces, which are Very good absorbers of heat.

Because the heat radiated by earth is obstructed and sent back to the atmosphere.

Convection - by actual motion of the located particles of a liquid or gas. For example, ventilators in a room are on the top of the walls because, air after being heated rises upwards and passes through the ventilators and cold air enters the room through doors and windows which are at lower level.

Law of Thermodynamics. It explains how heat energy can be passed from one body to another.

1. Zeroth Law: It explains that no heat will flow between two bodies that are of the same temperature. In other words, a body's temperature does not depend on the material involved.
2. First Law: Internal energy can be added to a body either by heating or doing work on it, and conversely, if work is extracted from the body, its internal energy (and hence its temperature) will fall unless an equivalent amount of heat is supplied from outside.
3. Second Law: Heat will not pass spontaneously from a cold body to a hotter body.
4. Third Law: It is impossible to cool a body right down to absolute zero, That is, below -273.15 degreeC.

Light is an electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength in about the range of 380 to 780 nanometers and that may be perceived by the normal unaided eye. It is a form of energy which travels in straight lines and causes the sensation of vision. If we interpose a small obstacle between the object and our eyes, we are unable to see it. Formation of shadows is another proof of the fact that light travels in straight line.

1,86,000 miles per second.

The light has seven colours - violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red together called VIBGYOR.

Isaac Newton - in 1666 passed a beam of light through a prism and discovered that the light has seven colours.

The band of colours thus formed in the light is called so. Violet and Red bands form the extremes.

Different objects have different colours. They absorb or reflect different parts of Spectrum. Thus, a blue object absorbs the red, yellow and green parts of white light and reflects only the colour blue.The colour of an object depends upon the nature of light falling on it and also on the constituent colour of the incident light reflected by it. If all the colours are absorbed the object appears black. If all the colour constituents of light are reflected, it appears white. Thus, we see objects because of the light they reflect. Most of the objects around reflect only part of the light that is incident upon them, and it is the reflected part which gives the object its colours.

1. When a rose is viewed in white light, it appears red, and the leaves appear Green, because the petals reflect the red part and the leaves the green part. The remaining colors are absorbed. When the same rose is viewed in green light, the petals will appear black and the leaves green. In blue or yellow light both the petals and leaves will appear black. 2. A white paper appears white because it reflects all colors of light, whereas A print on it appears black because it absorbs all the colours. 3. In red light green grass will appear black because it absorbs all colours except green and it would absorb the red rays of light falling on it.

1. Reflection 2. Refraction 3. Diffraction 4. Dispersion 5. Scattering and 6. Absorption.

The bouncing back of light rays. The simple law of reflection is that the angle between the incoming ray and the perpendicular to the surface is equal to the angle between the reflected ray and the same perpendicular.

It is the sudden change of direction of light when passing from one transparent substance into another. For example, a ray of light passing air into water bends towards the perpendicular. For illustration:-
1. A stick immersed in water appears bent.
2. A pond looks shallower than it really is, as the rays start from rarer to denser medium, the rays bend towards the normal.
3. A diamond sparkles because when light enters a piece of diamond and the cut of its faces, the light is totally refracted to various faces of the diamond, as diamond has a high refractive index.
4. A person looks shorter when he standing in water and if look at him from side.
5. A stone lying at the bottom of pond appears to be at a higher point than it actually is.

It is the spreading out of waves of light, as it passes through a narrow aperture, because light is a wave of motion. Hence, light rays emerging from a cinema projector spread wide on the screen.

When white light is passed through a glass prism, it is split into the colours of the spectrum. This is because each colour has its own wavelength, which determines the angle at which light is refracted. Red and yellow waves are the longest, and hence are the least refracted. The rainbow is the most spectacular illustration of dispersion of light in the rainbow. When the sun shines after a shower, a rainbow is seen in the sky opposite the Sun. The colours of the rainbow are due to dispersion of sun light by water droplets suspended in the air.

A rough surface scatters light because each part of the surface reflects the Light at different angles which is known as "Scattering of light".

Some surfaces absorbs more of the light falling on them than others. If light of all colors is absorbed, the eyes see black. A black surface absorbs more light than a white surface.

Because, violet and blue light have short wavelength and are scattered by the atmosphere ten times more than the red light waves. While the red light, with long wave length, goes almost straight through the atmosphere, blue and violet are scattered by particles in the atmosphere. Thus we see a blue sky.

Reflection of light. When an object is shown in front of a mirror, light from all parts of the object (light which is reflected from the object in the presence of a source of light) is reflected from the mirror back to the eyes and a virtual image appears to be formed behind the mirror.

1. Concave: In this the light rays are reflected so as to converge to a paint called the "focus" of the mirror. Thus, this type of mirror can therefore, concentrate on sun's radiation falling on it at one point. Hence, a concave mirror can be used as a burning glass and is used in solar cookers.
2. Convex: The virtual images produced by convex mirror are erect and smaller than the object. The convex mirror is therefore, used as a rear view mirror in vehicles as it has the advantage of a wide field of view. Lenses are made on the principles of these two. They are used in all optical Instruments like microscopes, telescopes, cameras, projectors, spectacles etc.

If a parallel beam of light is incident on a convex lens, all rays, after passing the lens, converge on a point called the principal focus. Convex lens are used in magnifying glasses.

In this the rays of light spread out after passing through the lens.

A form of energy which is made from the charges that make up the atom - negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons.

It is the rate of flow of an electrical charge. It flows from positive to negative.

Direct Current: Current that travels without changing its direction. Eg: Batteries. Alternative Current: Main supply that alternates in its direction from AC to DC and vice versa.

A rectifier converts alternating current to direct current. Instruments like Radio and TV require DC current which is supplied by the rectifier.

When electricity is passed through thin metallic wires of high resistance, they become hot and glow. Metals like platinum or tungsten, offer resistance to the passage of electric current. They become white, hot and glow and the light is produced by the electric current. The filament of electric bulbs and heater elements ia made of such metals which have high resistance.

It is made of material having low melting point. If it is inserted in an electric Circuit, it will not allow excess electricity to flow through it. When current exceeds its limit, the fuse wire gets heated, melts and breaks the circuit.

When electricity is passed through a coil if insulated copper wire, the steel or iron placed in the coil becomes a magnet. This is due to the magnetic field produced by electricity.

It is the electricity produced by friction or rubbing between two dissimilar objects. Depending on the nature of the objects, one acquires a positive charge and the other negative charge, because of transfer of electrons. Example: 1.A glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth, some electrons from the rod are transferred to the silk cloth. Thus, by losing electrons the glass rod gets positively charged and by gaining the number of electrons, the silk acquires an equal negative charge. 2. Similarly, by rubbing an ebomite comb on hair, a magnetic property is produced which can attract small piece of paper.

The vibrations of an object is the source of sound. It is transmitted in the form Of waves with alternating increase or decrease in pressure.

1. Pitch or Frequency.
2. Loudness or intensity,  and
3. Quality. Based on these, sound can be recognized as we recognize a person from his voice.

Refers to the rate of vibration of sound. It is measured in Hertz. (Hz).

Heinrich Hertz of Germany.

It is measured in terms of "decibels" (db). A unit based on the weakest sound That can be detected by the human ear.

1. Diffraction: Like light, sound waves spread as they move past an obstacle or through a narrow aperture. If the aperture is small, the sound waves spread in all directions. Hence, sound can be heard round the corners of a corridor.
2. Deflection: Deflection of sound waves into new directions by a surface.
3. Refraction: It is the charge of direction of a sound wave on passing from one medium to another.
4. Echo: Repetition of sound by reflections.
5. Oscillation: The term used to describe anything that vibrate.

Sound is generated by a vibrating system setting up waves in the surrounding air. Musical sounds are produced by a vibration with a definite pitch often produced by a vibrating like a "Sitar" or a vibrating colum of air in a tube like a "Shehnai" - which does not progress from one point to another but causes the string or column of air to vibrate as a whole with its characteristic frequency.

Infrasonic: The sound waves of frequency lower than 16 Hz.
Supersonic: The sound waves of frequency greater than the speed of sound.
Ultrasonic: Sounds of frequency higher than 20000 Hz and are inaudible.
Human ear is normally sensitive to sounds whose frequency is between 16 to 20000 Hz.

The speed of sound depends upon the carrier media. In general the speed of sound refers to the speed at which sound travels in air at sea level. In dry air at 0 degreeC the speed of sound is about 331mt/sec or 750 miles/hour. The presence of water vapours in air increases the speed of sound slightly.

ice-cold water - 1505mt/sec., Bricks - 3542mt/sec., Wood - 3847mt/sec., Glass 5000-6000mt/sec., Steel - 5000mt/sec., Air - 331mt/sec.

A substance which has the property of attracting pieces of iron, cobalt and Nickel.

1. When freely suspended, it points towards north and south.
2. When it is broken into pieces, each piece becomes an independent magent.
3. Two poles of the magnet have equal strength.
4. Like poles repel and unlike poles attract each other.

Iron ore (minor magnetic) or Iron Oxide - has magnetic properties of attracting iron, cobalt and nickel. These are called Lodestones.

When a soft iron or steel is brought close to strong bar magnet, it is magnetized when an electric current is passed through an insulated copper wire coil, the steel or soft iron placed in the coil becomes a magnet. This is due to the magnetic field which is produced in the coil. The electric bell works on the above mentioned principle.

1. Archimedes Principle: Greek mathematician Archimedes discovered this Principle in the 3rd century BC according to which, when a body is partially or fully immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upward thrust equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it - that is - its apparent loss of weight is equal to the weight of liquid displaced.
2. Avagadro's Law: Equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of Temperature and pressure contains equal number of molelcules. Discovered by Italian Scientist Amedeos Avagadro in 1811.
3. Law of Gravitation: Objects attract each other with a force directly proportional to the product of the masses of the objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Hence, for objects on or near the earth, the mass of the earth is very much greater than the object, and so the gravitational force between them makes objects fall towards the earth. That is lead(heavier) and feather (lighter) fall at the same rate in vacuum.
4. Newton's First Law of Motion: A body continues in its state of rest, or, of uniform motion in a straight line, except in so far as it be compelled by external impressed forces to change that state. It is called "Law of Inertia".
5. Newton's Second Law of Motion: The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the impressed force, and takes place in the direction of the straight line in which the force acts. In other words, "force is equal to mass multiplied by acceleration".
6. Newton's Third Law of Motion: To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This is the principle behind the recoil felt on pulling the trigger of a gun.
7. Newton's Law of Cooling: The rate at which a body cools or loses its heat to its surroundings is proportional to the excess of mean temperature of the body over that of the surroundings, provided this temperature of the body over that of the surroundings, provided this temperature excess is not too large.
8. Coulomb's Law: The force between the two electric charges reduces to a Quarter of its former value when the distance between them is doubled. The SI unit of the electrical charge, Coulomb, is named after Charles Augustin Coulomb who established the law.
9. Stefan's Law: The total energy radiated from a black body is equal to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
10. Pascal's Law: 1. When pressure is applied to a fluid, the pressure change is transmitted to every part of the fluid without loss. Hydraulic machines like the hydraulic press works on this principle. 2. Atmospheric pressure decreases with increase in height. Pascal is the SI Unit of pressure named after Pascal who proposed it.
11. Hooke's Law: States that the extension of a spring is proportional to the tension stretching it. Doubling of the tension results in the doubling of the amount of stretch.
12. Lenz's Law: States that when an electric current is induced by a change in magnetic field, the induced current is always in such a direction that its magnetic field opposes the change of field which causes the induction.
13.Dalton's Law: 1. States that the total pressure of a mixture of gases (or vapour) is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its components, that is, the sum of the pressures that each component would exert if it were alone and occupied the same volume as the mixture. 2. In 1803, Dalton formulated his atomic theory stating that matter is made up of particles or atoms which are not subdivided during chemical change. It said that atoms of the same chemical element are similar and equal in weight, the atoms of different elements have different properties and different weights, and that chemical compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in simple proportions.
14.Law of Electrolysis: 1. a) the amount of chemical change during electrolysis is proportional to the charge passed. b). the masses of substances liberated or deposited by the same quantity of electrical charge are proportional to their chemical equivalents. 2. Law of Electro Magnetic Induction: a) an electromagnetic flux is induced in a conductor when the magnetic field surrounding it changes. b) the magnitude of the electromagnetic flux is proportional to the rate of change of the field. c) the direction of the induced electromagnetic flux depends on the orientation of the field.
15. Ohm's Law: States that the amount of current flows in an electric circuit is governed by the voltage of the battery or dynamo which powers it. In other words, the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the conductor and inversely proportional to its resistance. The SI Unit of electrical resistance is "Ohm" named after George Simon Ohm who proposed this law.

Absolute Temperature and Absolute Zero: A temperature scale based on Charles Law of Expansion of gases. It measures temperature from "absolute Zero" = .........273.15 degreeC (below which a matter cannot be colled) below which a matter cannot be cooled) in Kelvin (the Kelvin degrees being of the same magnitude as the degree centigrade). To convert an absolute temperature to centigrade simply add 273.15.
Armature: The coils of an electric motor or dynamo.
Calorie: It is the unit of heat, which is equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1gm of water by 1 degreeC.
Curie Point: Temperature above which a strongly magnetizable or Ferromagnetic material looses its magnetic properties and acquire paramagnetic properties. The curie point for iron is 870 degreeC.
Depression in Freezing Point: The lowering of the temperature at which a liquid freezes as is done by adding common salt and saltpetre to ice to make it ice cream.                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Electrode: The name given to the part by means of which electricity is led into or away from a gas or a liquid. The negative electrode is "Cathode" and the positive electrode is called "Anode".
Electromagnetic Waves: Waves that consist of varying electrical and magnetic Quantities traveling along at the speed of light. Light, Radiowaves, X-rays Gamma rays etc., fall under this category.
Electromotive Force: The electrical pressure developed by a cell, battery or Generator which enables it to produce an electrical current is a circuit. It is measured in volts.
Flourescence:The property of some substances to absorb light of one wavelength and emit light of a longer wavelength.
Flux: Amount of a magnetic or electrical field or radiation passing through a given area.
Heat Capacity: Heat energy as Joules required to raise the temperature of a material by 1 Kelvin.
Induction: Temporary magnetization or electrification of material that is placed in a strong magnetic or electrical field.
Inertia: A body's resistance to motion, if it is at rest, or to change in its motion if it is moving.
Insulation: Material that not convey electrical current or flow of heat. Eg: Glass, Rubber, Porcelain, Plastics etc., Insulator: Material such as glass, rubber, porcelain, plastic etc., which have No free electrons and there, will not allow current to pass through even when an electro magnetic force is applied.
Momentum: The quality of motion of a moving body, a measure of the time it would take that body to stop when force is applied to it.
Mole: The amount of a substance that contains as many particles as there are Atoms in 12g of the isotope carbon 12.
Polarization: Separation of positive and negative charges to different regions Of a molecule, thus causing it to be an electrical dipole.
Pressure: The force or weight per unit of area acting upon a surface. It is Measured in newtons/..............(S.I Units ) or Kg/............... . Raman Effect: The change in wavelength that occurs when light is scattered in a transparent medium.
Resistance: Property of an electric circuit or its part that impedes the flow of current.
Rheostat: Resistor whose resistance can be varied.
Spectrum: The band of colours produced when light is passed through a prism and is split up into its component wave lengths.
Supersonic:Description of motion through air or some other medium at a Speed greater than the speed of sound through that medium.
Superconductivity: A property of some metals and alloys to lose electrical resistance below a certain temperature (usually with 20 degree of absolute Temperature). This means that an electrical current can flow in a loop of the metal indefinitely without generating heat or decreasing in strength.
Thermal: Connected with or produced by heat or temperature.
Thermal Radiation: Emission of electromagnetic radiation by a body due To the thermal agitation of atoms and electrons in the body.
Thermionic Effect: Emission of electrons from a hot body.
Thermocouple: A kind of thermometer made by joining a wire from both ends to another wire of a different material. If one junction is kept cool and the other heate, an electric current passes and can be used as a measure of the temperature of the hot junction.
Torque:The turning effect of a force on a body that can rotate freely.
Vacuum: Space in which there is no matter.
Viscocity: Friction or drag within a liquid.