Historically our country has been an agricultural country for the basic reason of low literacy level. Thus began our independence, with a big population with a big chunk of illiteracy, and agriculturally dependent on livelihood. In such a scenario it was important for our planners in the initial stages, to concentrate on improving the infrastructure for agricultural development, education and sanitation.

Accordingly, our country's early five year plans were oriented towards this aspect. The agricultural contribution towards GDP since independence has been on the top of the list and also in the employment sector and continues so despite a robust industrial growth from the last quarter of the 20th century. That is an indication how effectively planning the industrial growth and at the same time sustaining and improving the agricultural sector.

However, when the literacy level of the population improved, the employment of them started gaining importance. Thus came the industrial development in a steady pace in the 1960s and by 1990s surged vertically upwards with schemes of liberalization and foreign direct investments.

By the turn of 21st century our country became one of the most favoured destination for foreign direct investments and by 2010 it became the second most favoured destination (after china), the FDI between 2000-2010 raising to 178 billion USD, not only for opportunities of investment, but also for the availability of educated youth and a huge infrastructure development that simultaneously taking place.In order to boost the industrial development through FDIs , the recent concept of creating Special Economic Zones, where relaxed or suspended national tax laws exist, has also been receiving a very good support from our government. The Special Economic Zone Act was passed in 2005, (the first SEZ was started at Kandla in Gujarat in 1965) and as of 2010 there are 114 SEZs, with Karnataka (18) and Tamilnadu (16) topping the list of SEZs.

Of course, not all the government owned industries are running profitably. In order to have the profit making industries more effective and innovative and to curb the wasteful expenditure on non profit making industries, the government in the early 2000s took a decision to disinvest from such loss making units and privatize them.Thus came the process of "Disinvestment" and in order to speed up the process of identifying, policy making, transferring and encashing the government shares from such industries, a separate department "Department of Disinvestments" to function under Ministry of Finance.

In this context, the industrial development in our country is now matching with almost all the developed nations. To manage such a surge, the government has also been periodically updating and revamping its ministry and also its policies. Thus, the industries in India is governed by the following Ministries:

Presently headed by Cabinet Minister Anant Geete  and assisted by Minister of State P.Radhakrishnan. The Commerce and Industry Minister in independent charge is Nirmala Sitharaman.This ministry has two departments:

1.DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE:
Responsible for formulating and implementing the foreign trade policy, multilateral and bilateral commercial relations, state trading, export promotion, development and regulation of certain export oriented industries and commodities and creation of special economic zones etc. More or less, a department for formulating policies for export and imort activities.

2.DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL POLICY & PROMOTION:
Established in 1995, responsible for formulation and implementation of promotional and developmental measures for growth of the industrial sector, keeping in view of the national priorities and socio economic objectives. It is also responsible for "intellectual property rights" relating to patents, designs, trade marks and geographical indication of goods and oversees the initiative relating to their promotion and protection. More or less, an internal industrial policy making body.

CEMENT INDUSTRY: comes under the governance of this Ministry. Cement is the major requirement of infrastructure development. There are about 159 large cement plants in our country, with a number of minor industries. Cement production has exceeded 200 million tones and in the world our country is the second largest producer of Cement (China First). This industry employs close to one million employees and the industry is poised to grow at 10% per annum. ACC, Grasim, Gujarat Ambuja, India Cements, JK Lakshmi and Birlas are the major cement manufacturers.

PAPER INDUSTRY, coming under this ministry, also plays a vital role in the socio-economic development of our country. The per-capita consumption of paper, in our country is 7.2. Kg while the global average is 50Kg. With this in mind, the government has delicensed and decontrolled the paper production since 1997, and is allowing 100% FDI through automatic route. As of now there are nearly 700 paper mills in our country producing nearly 6.5 million tons of paper and 1.05 million tones of newsprint.

LEATHER INDUSTRY - although this industry play a substantial role in export earnings, it is not well organized industry, as most part of it is done on small and unorganized sector, with only the finishing products finding some organized industries. A good source of employment for women of rural areas. About 10% of the processed leather is supplied by our country to the world market.

AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY: The first car in India was by Mr. Foster of Crompton Greaves in 1897. The first regular use of car in India was by Mr. Francis Spring in Chennai in 1901 and the first Indians to own a car in India was Jamshedji Tata followed by Rustom Cama in 1901. Thus began the presence of automobile in India.Until 1930s, cars were imported in a small way and owned by only a few well placed Indians. The first automotive industry to begin in India was "Embryonic" in the 1940s. Mahindra & Mahindra were the next to start the automotive industry seriously with the assembly of Jeep, then to manufacture of Light Commercial Vehicles, Tractors etc., Thereafter, for another five decades there was not much growth in this sector, due to various socio political reasons.
However, as the potency and growth of automotive industry was becoming more and more demanding, the government, not involving itself into this sector in the area of manufacture, decided to delicense the industry in 1991 and opened out the industry with FDI to the extent of 100% with various concessions and relaxations. This helped the industries from various leading automotive manufacturing countries to launch their products, open their manufacturing units and so on. Today, almost all the top ranking cars are not only manufactured but also sold in India and exported from India to other countries. Thus it was simply an upward surge in this field and thus reached the state of:
a) manufacturing almost 18 million vehicles (both two and four wheelers)
b) with an export of 2.35 million vehicles annually.
c) largest manufacturers of motorcycles in the world.
d) Seventh largest manufacturers of car and commercial vehicles.
Chennai, in Tamilnadu, known as "Detroit of India" and Pune in Maharashtra are the automotive hub of industries in India.

SIAM - Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers with about 38 leading manufacturing members organize all the interactions with the governments,formulate policies and regulations, conduct auto expo and trade fairs.

Presently headed by Anant Kumar  assisted by the Minister of State Nihal Chand. This ministry has the following departments.At present there are about 56 large size fertilizer factories with a few under Public Sector and cooperatives and the rest in private sector. As the agricultural produce has touched nearly 228 million tones by 2008-2009, it is necessary to have good network of fertilizer supply and other infrastructures in place.

1.Department of Chemicals & Petrochemicals : Responsible for planning, development and regulations of chemicals, petrochemicals and pharmaceutical industry.

2. Department of Fertilizers:Planning, promotion, and development of the fertilizer industry and planning and monitoring of production, import and distribution of fertilizers and management of financial assistance for indigenous and important fertilizers.

3. Department of Pharmaceuticals:The objective of this department is to give greater focus and thrust on the development of pharmaceutical sector in the country and to regulate various complex issues relating to pricing and availability of medicines at affordable prices, research and development, protection of intellectual property rights and international commitments related to pharmaceutical sector which require integration of work with other ministries. In order to have a control over the pricing mechanism of the government has established :-

National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority: New Delhi - 1995 - to fix/revise the prices of controlled bulk drugs and formulations and to enforce prices and availability of the medicines in the country, monitoring prices of decontrolled drugs to keep them at reasonable prices.

Following are the Public Sector Undertakings functioning under this Ministry:
1. Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Kolkatta - 1901 - Started by Bengal's famous academician and politician Prafulla Chandra Roy. He was also deeply associated with Brahmo Samaj and freedom movement.
2. Fertilizers & Chemicals Travancore Ltd.,: Kochi, Kerala.
3. Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd., Pimpri, Maharashtra - 1954 - India's leading antibiotics producing industry. Set up with WHO and UNICEF aid.
4. Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd., Vadodara, Gujarat - 1967 - produces Urea, Ammonia, Ammonium Sulphate, Sulphuric Acid, Phosphoric Acid etc.,
5. Indian Farmers Fertilizers Cooperative Ltd., November 1967 - New Delhi -One of the leading producers of various combinations of fertilizers.
6. Krishak Bharati Cooperative Ltd., Surat - 1985. Urea and Ammonia are its prime products besides other fertilizers.
7. Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Ltd., 1961 - Has main plants at Hyderabad,Gurgaon and Rishikesh and subsidiary plants at Chennai and Muzzafarpur.Indian governments leading drug manufacturing public sector undertaking.
8. Hindustan Organic Chemicals Ltd., ., 1960 - Mumbai.

Administered by Minister of State for Coal Sri Piyush Goyal  responsible for exploration of coal and lignite reserves, production, supply distribution and pricing of coal. This ministry has the following Public Sector Undertakings and an institution to impart coal management programme - Indian Institute of Coal Management, Ranchi.
1. Coal India Limited: 1975 - HQ: Koalkatta - It is one of the "Maharatna" companies, with an annual turn over of about Rs.52000/- crores. (www.coalindia.in) It has the following subsidiaries:
a) Bharat Coking Coal Ltd., Dhanbad, Jharkhand.
b) Central Coal Fields Ltd., Ranchi, Jharkhand.
c) Western Coal Fields Ltd., Nagapur, Maharashtra.
d) Eastern Coal Fileds Ltd., Asansol, West Bengal.
e) South Eastern Coal Fields Ltd., Bilaspur, Chhatisgarh.
f) Northern Coal Fields Ltd., Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh.
g) Mahanadhi Coal Fields Ltd., Sambalpur, Odisha.
2. Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd., : 1956 - HQ: Chennai - the mines are at Neyveli in Cuddalore Dt., Tamilnadu, with a turn over of around 4700 Crores. It also has thermal power stations based on the lignite and produces power.(www.nlcindia.com)
3. Singareni Collieries Ltd., : 1920 - Kothagudem, Khammam Dt., Andhra Pradesh-It is a joint venture of Andhra Pradesh (51%) and Central Government (49%). (www.scclmines.com)

A separate ministry headed by Cabinet Minister Anant Geete assisted by Minister of State P.Radhakrishnan  to administer around 48 Public Sector Undertakings and improve capacity utilization, increase profitability, generate resources and reorient strategies to become more competitive.

Some of the famous PSUs administered by this ministry are:
1. Andrew Yule Co., Ltd., 1979 Kolkatta
2. Bharat Bhari Yudyog Ltd., 1986 Kolkatta
3. Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd., 1953 New Delhi, (Tiruchirapalli, Ranipet, Bhopal, Haridwar, Bengaluru, Hyderabad etc.,)
4. Bharat Heavy Plates & Vessels Ltd., 1966 Visakhapatnam
5. Bharat Pumpts & Compressors Ltd., 1970 Allahabad
6. Bridge & Roof Co., India Ltd., 1972 Kolkatta.
7. Burn Standard Co., Ltd., 1976 Kolkatta
8. Cement Corporation of India 1965 New Delhi
9. Hindustan Cables Ltd., 1972 Kolkatta
10. Hindustan Newsprint Ltd., 1982 Kerala
11. Hindustan Paper Corporation Limited 1970
12. Hindustan Salts Ltd., 1959 Jaipur
13. HMT International Ltd., 1975 Bengaluru
14. HMT Bearings Ltd., 1981 Hyderabad
15 HMT Chinar Watches Ltd., 1999 Srinagar
16. HMT Limited 1953 Bengaluru
17. HMT Machine Tools Ltd., 1999 Bengaluru
18. HMT Watches Ltd., 1999 Bengaluru
19. Hooghly Printing Co.Ltd., 1979 Kolkatta
20. Power Electronics Ltd., 2000 Kota, Rajasthan
21. Instrumentation Control Valves Ltd., 2000 Rajasthan
22. Instrumentation Digital Control Ltd., 2000 Kota, Rajasthan
23. Richardson & Cruddas Ltd., 1972 Mumbai.
24. Triveni Structurals Ltd., 1965 Allahabad
25. Tungabhadra Steel Products Ltd., 1960 Allahabad.

A ministry, headed by Cabinet Minister Kalraj Mishra , to boost small scale industries sector and also for handricraft products. The important organizations functioning under this ministry are:
1. Coir Board: 1953 - Ernakulam, Kerala - to help and promote the traditional coir industry to survive and thrive by extending research, education, training and promotion of coir products.
2. Khadi & Village Industries Commission : Mumbai - 1956 - to plan, promote,facilitate, organize and assist in promoting Khadi & Village industries.

This ministry is responsible for formulation and administration of the rules and regulations and laws relating to mines in India. Also responsible for survey and exploration of all minerals, other than natural gas and petroleum which comes under the Ministry of Petroleum and Coal and Lignite which comes under the Ministry of Coal. This ministry is headed by Cabinet Minister Narendra Singh Tomar - also incharge of Steel, Labour and Employment. .
The Ministry has the following important organizations/Public Sector Undertakings under its control:
1. Geological Survey of India: Established in 1851 and headquartered at Kolkatta,this organization is responsible for conducting geological surveys throughout the country and identify the resources.
2. National Aluminium Co. Ltd: 1981 - HQ: Bhubaneswar has units all over India- manufactures all aluminium related products. It is one of the largest aluminium company in Asia and the sixth largest in the world. It is one of the most profit making public sector undertaking. (www.nalcoindia.com)
3. Hindustan Copper Limited: 1967 - Kolkatta. (www.hindustancopper.com)

COPPER: Khetri, Rajasthan; Malanjkhand, Madhya Pradesh; Rakha, Ghatshila, Jharkhand.
DIAMOND: Buxwaha and Panna, Madhya Pradesh; Kollur, Andhra Pradesh.
IRON ORE: Barbil, Odisha; Chiria, Kiriburu, Meghahabuturu, Gua, Noamundi - Jharkhand; Dalli Rajhara - Chhatisgarh; Donimalai, Kudremukh - Karnataka;
COAL Andhra Pradesh, Chhatisgarh, Odisha, Bengal, Bihar and Maharashtra.
ASBESTOS Gujarat, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh.
BAUXITE Tamilnadu, Goa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Chhatisgarh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh.
DOLOMITE Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhatisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan.
GRANITE Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan.
LIGNITE Tamilnadu, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jammu & Kashmir.
LIME STONETE Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Chhatisgarh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh-Punjab borders.

Steel was discovered by the Chinese between 202-220 AD by the Han Dynasty.First Steel industry in India was started by Tata Iron and Steel Company between 1907-1908 by Dorabjee Tata. Then four Public Sector steel plants were set up at Rourkela (1959 with German Collaboration) , Bhilai (1959 with Soviet collaboration), Durgapur(1965 with UK Collaboration) and Bokaro (1965 with Soviet collaboration). This was the humble beginning of steel production in India in the mid 20th century.

With abundant iron ore availability, the expansion of steel industry in India was inevitable. Thus the steel industry started expanding, specially after the 1991 liberalization take off. As for the private steel manufacturers, Tata and Mittal Group of companies are the dominant and from the government. It is now the Steel Authority of India Ltd., which controls majority of the steel production in India.

As of now, our country is one of the world majors in steel production - fifth largest crude steel producers. The acquisition of Arcelor group of steel, the world's largest steel manufacturing companies by Lakshmi Narayan Mittal and the Corus group of Steel companies(Europe) by the Tatas enhanced the Indian reputation in the steel world.

This Ministry headed by a Cabinet Minister Narendra Singh Tomar assisted by Minister of State Vishnu Deo Sai, is responsible for formulating all policies regarding steel production, distribution and pricing in India.

The Ministry has the following Public Sector Undertakings to manage:
1. Steel Authority of India Ltd., (SAIL): 1954 - HQ: New Delhi - has steel plants at Bhilai, Bokaro, Durgapur, Rourkela, Burnpur, Salem and Bhadravati and has its own retail/regional offices also at major centres. Of this Salem Plant in Tamilnadu is the major manufacturers of Stainless Steel. (www.sail.co.in)
2. National Mineral Development Corporation Ltd., (NMDC) - 1958 - HQ:Hyderabad - exploration of iron ore, copper rock phosphate, lime stone, dolomite, gypsum, bentonite, magnesite, diamond, tin, tungsten, graphite etc.,Diamond mines at Panna (M.P) is under its control. (www.nmdc.co.in)
3. Metallurgical & Engineering Constultants (India) Ltd., : 1973 - HQ: Ranchi -Jharkhand - provides services in power, energy, environment, infrastructure, oil and gas, metallurgy etc., (http://www.meconlimited.co.in).
4. Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd., : Visakhapatnam, A.P. (www.vizagsteel.com)
5. Kudremukh Iron Ore Co. Ltd., 1976 - HQ: Bengaluru (www.kioclltd.com)
6. Manganese Iron Ore Co. Ltd., 1977 - HQ:Nagpur - (http://www.moil.nic.in)
7. MSTC Ltd., Vadodara, Gujarat.
8. Hindustan Steel works Constn. Ltd., - 1964 - HQ: Kolkatta (www.hscl.co.in)
9. Ferro Scrap Nigam Ltd: 1979 - Bhilai, Chhatisgarh (http://www.fsnl.nic.in)
10. Bird Group of Companies: 1980 - HQ: Kolkatta - (http://birdgroup.gov.in)

An age old practice of livelihood weaving textiles, over the modern days has become one of the biggest industry worldwide and also a source of major employment. In India, the practice of weaving textiles has been there since ages and has been a house hold industry even today in some rural parts of India.
Our country ranking second in the world of cotton production, the development of textile industry is no wonder. However, use of technology in textile industry came to us only in the mid 19th century onwards, with the Britishers opening up their factories. The first textile mill was opened in India at Fort Gloster, Kolkatta in 1818. But the surge of opening more mills occurred only around Surat, Ahmedabad and Mumbai, as Gujarat and Maharashtra were a major source of cotton supply.
Swadeshi Movement during the freedom struggle was also a major reason for the development of more and more textile mills by Indians in small scale. Thus came the growth of textile industry in India. Now, with an annual growth of 8 to 9%, the industry stands as the second largest employer of our country after agriculture, with nearly 35 million people, contributing 4% of GDP and 13.5% of export earnings. Most famous textile mills and medium and small allied textile mills are all under private management and the government has only a small involvement in the production field.

The Ministry is now headed by a Minister of State (Independent) Santhosh Kumar Gangwar  which formulates all policies, planning, development, export promotion,and regulation of textile sector. This also includes all natural, artificial and cellulosic fibres that go into the making of textiles, clothing and handicrafts.
This Ministry has the following PSUs and institutions under its control:
1. National Textile Corporation Ltd.,: 1968 - New Delhi.
2. British India Corporation : 1956 - Kanpur - manufactures textiles for civilians and armed forces.
3. Cotton Corporation of India Ltd., 1970 -HQ: Mumbai - involved with development, procurement, distribution and sale of cotton, including exports. (www.cotcorp.gov.in)
4. Jute Corporation of India: 1971 - HQ:Kolkatta - set up to take care of the jute growers, who are mostly in Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal, Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya and Bihar. (http://www.jci.gov.in:8080/jci/)
5. National Handloom Development Corporation Ltd.: 1983 - Lucknow.
6. Central Wool Development Board: Jodhpur, Rajasthan (http://woolboard.nic.in)
7. National Institute of Fashion Technology: 1986 - A national level reputed academic institution on fashion designing and technology. It has its institutions at New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkatta, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, Chennai, Bengaluru,Rae Bareili, Patna, Shillong, Bhopal, Taliparamba, Kangra, Jodhpur in India and Mauritius. (www.nift.ac.in)
8. Sardar Vallabhai Patel Institute of Textile Management: 2002 - Coimbatore - (http://svpitm.ac.in/)
Synthetic and Art Silk Mills Research Association (SASMIRA), Manmade Textile Research Association (MANTRA) and South Indian Textiles Research Association (SITRA) are the coordinating agencies for various development activities formulated by the Government.

Sugarcane cultivation began in the 7th century in China. Later when the Europeans started colonizing the Carribean Islands, sugarcane plantations grew in a big way with African slaves. Cultivation of Sugarcane was taken up seriously in India only by the end of 18th century when UK was facing shortage and abnormal price rise of sugar and East India Co., was asked to explore the possibility of sugarcane cultivation in India. Lt.J.Paterson submitted a report to the UK Parliament of the various advantages, with low labour cost, for cultivation of sugarcane in India and thereafter it was simply a revolution in this field. India is the largest growers of sugarcane and therefore no wonder it is also the second largest producers of sugar in the world. But, most times, the consumption outbeats the production which includes export also. Our country is the largest consumers of sugar in the world. Our country has about 582 sugar factories, and UP is the largest grower of sugar cane in our country. Sugarcane is an agricultural product and this industry, although completely under the control of private managements, the Agricultural Ministry exercise some control over the production of sugarcane, minimum support price for sugarcane, export and import of sugar, production of ethanol and so on.

Oil was first struck in 1889 at Dighboi and a refinery was started immediately in 1901. Thus began the history of oil in India. The later years in this field was lull as there was not much development in the automotive industry and there was no demand.

However, the automotive industry started gaining momentum in the 1930, with import of automobiles, then manufacturing of automotives started in the 1940s and 1950s. Thus when the demand started increasing for oil, it had to be imported in crude condition and refining had to be done here. Thus, the demand for refining also increased simultaneously, to match the demand and import of crude oil.

Oil discovery in India was sluggish and exploration was slow, until sizeable quantity of oil was discovered in "Bombay High" off shore well in 1966 - 1967 and the first well was struck in 1974. Today, the Bombay High produces nearly 3.50,000 barrels of oil per day. Later in 1999, oil was discovered in Mangala Area of Rajasthan and the production started in 2005. It is estimated to produce 2,40,000 barrels per day in the course of time.

With these finds on hand, our government geared up the exploration field and the studies are on at various places. In the process of these studies, huge natural gas reserve was discovered in the Krishna Godavari Basin KG D6 region and also in other regions across India.

In this scenario, the necessity to process the imported as well as domestic oil production, started increasing and more refineries needed to be opened. Thus a number of refineries have been opened in the recent past, specially after 1970s almost all by the government, except one by Reliance Group.
Today, the petroleum and natural gas sector constitutes over 15% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). Our country's demand for oil and natural gas is expected to reach around 235 mmtonne during 2011-12. To meet this demand, our country has 18 refineries spread across India.

This industry is managed by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas headed by Minister of State(Independent) Dharmendra Pradhan This Ministry is responsible for exploration, production, refining, distribution, conservation of petroleum, natural gas production and distribution, petroleum products, and liquefied natural gas etc.,

It has the following public sector undertakings and organizations under its control:
1. Balmer Lawrie & Co. Ltd., 1867 - Kolkatta - manufactures barrels, drums,greases, lubricants, chemicals, functional additives and marine freight containers. (www.balmerlawrie.com)
2.Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd., - 1976 - Mumbai - refining and retailing of petroleum products and natural gas. (www.bharatpetroleum.com)
3. Bongaigaon Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd., 1974 - Bongaigaon, Assam -Petroleum, Natural Gas and Petrochemicals - ( www.brplindia.com)
4. Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd., 1965 - Chennai - Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene,LPG and Petrochemicals. (www.cpcl.co.in)
5. Engineers India Ltd., 1965 - New Delhi - Engineering and related technical services for petroleum or other industrial projects. (http://www.engineersindia.com)
6. Gas Authority of India Limited: 1984 - New Delhi - Natural Gas, Petrochemical,Fuel, Lubricants - (www.gailonline.com)
7. Hindustan Petroleum: 1974 - Mumbai - Fuels, oils, LPG, Aviation Fuel, Bitumen,Furnace oil etc., has its own refineries at Mumbai, Visakhapatnam, Mangalore and Bhatinda. (www.hindustanpetroleum.com) 8. Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., 1964 - Mumbai - Petrol, Diesel, LPG, Auto LPG,Aviation Fuel, Lubricants, Naphtha, Bitumen, Paraffin, Kerosene etc.,
8. Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., 1964 - Mumbai - Petrol, Diesel, LPG, Auto LPG,Aviation Fuel, Lubricants, Naphtha, Bitumen, Paraffin, Kerosene etc.,
9. Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd., 1989 - Mangalore (www.mrpl.co.in)
10. Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd., 1956 - Dehradun - (www.ongcindia.com)
11. Oil India Limited., 1959 - HQ: Duliajan, Assam (www.oilindia.nic.in)

India's power sector history dates back to 1887 when the first hydro electric project was commissioned at Darjeeling, followed by electric power supply in Kolkatta in 1899, then the commissioning of Krishnarajasagar hydroelectric power project in Karnataka and Bengaluru city getting electricity in 1906. Thus began the power sector in India.

As things progressed, more hydro electric power projects were commissioned and use of thermal power, and after independence, by 1969 nuclear power also brought into use to cater to the ever growing need for power supply. Despite all these developments by now, our country is still falling short of meeting the requirement of power. However, efforts are on to augment the production, strict monitoring over distribution and conservation techniques etc., and the government aims to ensure power supply to all the areas in India by 2012.

Thus, India is now in a position to produce electricity through hydroelectric projects, thermal power stations through coal, lignite, gas, liquid and diesel, and through Atomic Power Stations. On the renewable energy side, solar power generation is being encouraged in a decent way with about 30 to 35% subsidy from the government. Generating power through wind energy is also getting the due impetus and number of wind energy parks are being commissioned.
The Minister of Power is headed by Piyush Goyal , Minister of State (independent)

1. Narora Atomic Power Station, UP - 1991.
2. Rajasthan Atomic Power Stations - Chittorgarh - 1973.
3. Tarapur Atomic Power Station - Mumbai - 1969
4. Kakrapar Atomic Power Station, Gujarat - 1993
5. Madras Atomic Power Station - Chennai - 1984
6. Kaiga Atomic Power Station - Karnataka - 2000.
7. Koodangulam, Tamilnadu - expected to be commissioned by 2012.

75% of our country's power needs are met through thermal power stations.There are more than 150 thermal power stations generating power through coal,lignite, gas, liquid and diesel.

ANDHRA PRADESH: Ramagundam, Paloncha, Ibrahimpatnam, Cuddappah, Warangal, Karimnagar, Kondapalli.
ASSAM: Dibrugarh, Sivasagar
BIHAR: Barauni, Muzzafarpur
CHHATISGARH:Korba,
DELHI: Rajghat, New Delhi.
GUJARAT; Tapi, Kheda, Jamnagar, Anand, Kutch, Surat, Gandhinagar,Vadodara, Bharuch,
GOA: Goa.
HARYANA: Panipat, Faridabad, Hisar,
JHARKHAND: Bokaro
JAMMU & KASHMIR: Pulwama
KERALA: Kayamkulam
MADHYA PRADESH: Betul, Umaria, Anuppur, Sidhi
MAHARASHTRA:Nagpur,Nashik, Jalgaon, Akola, Chandrapur, Raigarh,Trombay
ODISHA: Jharsguda, Bhagalpur, Angul, Sambalpur
PUNJAB: Bathinda, Rupnagar,
RAJASTHAN: Sri Ganganagar, Kota, Barmer, Baran, Ramgarh, Dholpur, Bikaner
TAMILNADU: Chennai, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Ramanathapuram
UTTARPRADESH: Sonebhadra, Kanpur, Jhansi, Aligarh, Singrauli, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Rae Bareily, Ambedkar Nagar, Shahjahanur, Auraiya
WEST BENGAL: Birbhum, Purulia, Murshidabad, Bardhaman, Bankura,
There are some more thermal power stations at various states.

The earliest practice of electricity production. Following are the important hydroelectric projects producing sizeable quantity of hydro electricity.
There are few more minor hydroelectric projects across India.

In a number of places across India, wind energy is being used to produce electricity. The following are the places where more than 10MW electricity is produced through wind energy:

1. Vankusawade Wind Park Sattara,	Maharashtra
2. Cape Comorin	Tamilnadu
3. Kayathar	Tamilnadu
4. Ramakkalmedu	Kerala
5. Muppandal	Tamilnadu
6. Gudimangalam	Tamilnadu
7. Puthlur	Andhra Pradesh
8. Lamda Danida	Gujarat
9. Chennai	Tamilnadu
10.Jamgudrani	Karnataka
11.Jogmatti	Karnataka
12.Perungudi	Tamilnadu
13.Kethanur	Tamilnadu
14.Pulavadi	Tamilnadu
15.Tirupur	Tamilnadu.

Currently the power sector is administered by two ministries viz:

MINISTRY OF POWER headed by Minister of State (independent) Piyush Goyal.

MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY: Currently headed by Piyush Goyal. This ministry is responsible for research and development, intellectual property protection, international cooperation, promotion and coordination in renewable energy sources such as wind power, small hydro, biogas and solar power.

The Ministry of power has the following Public Sector Undertakings and other organizations under its control:
1. Damodar Valley Corporation, Jharkhand - 1948.
2. Narmada Hydroelectric Development Corporation Ltd., - 2000.
3. NTPC Electric Supply Co. Ltd., - 2003 - for power transmission.
4. Power Finance Corporation Ltd., New Delhi - 1986. (www.pfcindia.com)
5. Power Grid Corporation of India - 1992 - Gurgaon (www.powergridindia.com)
6. Rural Electrification Corporation - 1988 - Rishikesh - Uttaranchal.
7. National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd., (NTPC Ltd) - 1975 - Delhi - engineering, construction, operation of power generating plansts in India. Has the capacity to produce about 35000 MWs. (www.ntpc.co.in)
8. National Hydroelectric Power Corporation - 1975 - plan, promote and organize hydroelectric power projects - (www.nhpcindia.com)
9. Bureau of Energy Efficiency: Delhi - Established in 2002 under the Energy Conservation Act of 2001 to formulate and implement energy conservation policies. (http://www.beeindia.nic.in)
10.Central Electric Authority: Created under Electricity Act of 2003, to advise the government on matters relating to the national electric policy.

Presently headed by Cabinet Minister Nirmala Seetharaman.

1.Department of Commerce:2.Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion.

Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

250 - distributed amongst various ministries.

159

Second. (China is the first)

700

The first car in India was by Mr. Foster of Crompton Greaves in 1897.

First Indians to own a car in India was Jamshedji Tata followed by Rustom Cama in 1901.

The first automotive industry to begin in India was "Embryonic" in the 1940s.

Mahindra & Mahindra - 1940s - Light commercial vehicles and tractors.

Chennai because of the concentration of automobile industries. (Pune in Maharashtra is the second to have number of automobile industries)

a) manufacturing almost 18 million vehicles (both two and four wheelers)
b) with an export of 2.35 million vehicles annually.
c) largest manufacturers of motorcycles in the world.
d) Seventh largest manufacturers of car and commercial vehicles.

SIAM - Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers - 1960 - New Delhi.

Presently headed by M.K. Azhagiri.

At present there are about 56 large size fertilizer factories with a few under Public Sector and cooperatives and the rest in private sector.

1.Department of Chemicals & Petrochemicals : 2. Department of Fertilizers:3. Department of Pharmaceuticals.

National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority: New Delhi - 1995.

1. Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Kolkatta - 1901 - Started by Bengal's famous academician and politician Prafulla Chandra Roy.

1.Department of Commerce:2.Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion.

Pimpri, Maharashtra - 1954.

1961 - Has main plants at Hyderabad, Gurgaon and Rishikesh and subsidiary plants at Chennai and Muzzafarpur.

250 – distributed amongst various ministries.

Administered by Minister of State for Coal Sri Prakash Jaiswal.

Koalkatta - established in 1975.

Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd., : 1956 - HQ: Chennai - the mines are at Neyveli in Cuddalore Dt., Tamilnadu

Kothagudem, Khammam Dt., Andhra Pradesh-1920 - It is a joint venture of Andhra Pradesh (51%) and Central Government (49%).

Praful Patel.

Headed by Cabinet Minister Veerappa Moily

1953 - Ernakulam, Kerala.

Mumbai - 1956.

This ministry is headed by Cabinet Minister B.K.Handique.

Established in 1851 and headquartered at Kolkatta.

1981 - HQ: Bhubaneswar has units all over India

Kolkatta. 1967.

At present there are about 56 large size fertilizer factories with a few under Public Sector and cooperatives and the rest in private sector.

Buxwaha and Panna, Madhya Pradesh and Kollur, Andhra Pradesh.

1.Department of Chemicals & Petrochemicals : 2. Department of Fertilizers:3. Department of Pharmaceuticals.

Rajasthan (Khetri region).

Gujarat, Rajasthan and Jammu & Kashmir.

Iron ore deposits and mining.

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan.

By the Chinese between 202-220 AD by the Han Dynasty.

First Steel industry in India was started by Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) between 1907-1908 by Dorabjee Tata. The second one was Indian Iron and Steel Co., (IISCO) Burnpur, West Bengal in 1919.

Rourkela Steel Plant in 1959 with German Collaboration.

Lakshmi Narayan Mittal.

Tata groups.

Cabinet Minister Shri.Beni Prasad Verma.

Established in 1954 - HQ: New Delhi - has steel plants at Bhilai, Bokaro, Durgapur, Rourkela, Burnpur, Salem and Bhadravati

Salem, Tamilnadu.

1958 - HQ:Hyderabad

Visakhapatnam, A.P.

1976 - HQ: Bengaluru.

Formed in 1988, headed by Cabinet Minister Sharad Pawar.

At Fort Gloster, Kolkatta in 1818.

Surat, Ahmedabad and Mumbai.

Coimbatore.

The Ministry is now headed by a Minister of State Smt.Panabaka Lakshmi.

New Delhi - established in 1968.

HQ:Kolkatta 1971.

Mumbai. 1970.

Lucknow - 1983.

Jodhpur - Rajasthan.

1986 -It has its institutions at New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkatta, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, Chennai, Bengaluru, Rae Bareili, Patna, Shillong, Bhopal,Taliparamba, Kangra, Jodhpur in India and Mauritius.

China in the 7th Century.

Caribbean Islands.

Lt. J. Paterson of the British East India Co., whose report to the UK parliament about the advantages in India for sugar cane cultivation paved the way for serious and large scale cultivation.

582

Largest producers of Sugar Cane and second largest producers of sugar.

Uttar Pradesh.

Large, Medium, Small Scale and Micor level industries.

PUBLIC SECTOR: Industries which are fully owned by the government or in a industry majority of the shares - 51% and above, are owned by the government.
PRIVATE SECTORS: Industries which are completely under the control of private parties, with complete shares held by an individual, or by family members or by other share holders. The share holding numbers may vary according to the inputs of the individuals.
SMALL SCALE: Industries which are entirely owned by an individual or only a few individuals, concentrated in clusters of "Industrial Estates" generally manufacturing requirements of the larger industries or individual items.
COTTAGE INDUSTRIES: Village oriented - mostly in the field of handicrafts or handlooms and are functioning on a cooperative or individual basis.

Micro Enterprises - where the investment does not exceed 25 lakhs including plant and machinery.
Small Enterprises -- Where the investment is in excess of 25 lakhs but is below 5 Crores including plant and machinery.
Medium Enterprises-Where the investment is between 5 to 10 crores.

They are defined on the basis of their investment viz: Micro --less than 10 lakhs; B. Small--Between 10 lakhs to 2 crores. Medium-- From 2 to 15 crores investment.

Damodar Valley Corporation - July 1948.

Steel Authority of India Ltd., (SAIL) - 1954 - entirely owned by the Central Government - has about 1,42,000 employees.

Bhadravati.

Rourkela (Odisha)., Bhilai (Chattisgarh)., Durgapur (West Bengal)., Bokaro (Jharkhand)., Burnppur (West Bengal)., Salem (Tamilnadu)., Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh)., and Bhadravati (Karnataka).,

1829 - Burksville, Kentucky, USA - by Martin Beaty.

Dighboi - Assam in 1889.

Tripura, Manipur, West Bengal, Ganges Valley, Andhra Pradesh and in off shores areas of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Gujarat.

Crude oil. - not directly usable.

Industry to process the crude oil into different grades of oil for different uses.

Dighboi - Assam 1901. It was the only one at the time of independence.

Ankhleshwar, Kalol, Nawagaon, Mumbai Off shore (Bombay High), Krishna Godavari Basin, and Managala area of Rajasthan.

No.	Place	Year	Owned by
1.	Barauni, Bihar	1964	IOC
2.	Bongaigaon, Assam	1972	IOC
3.	Chennai, Tamilnadu	1965	IOC
4.	Dighboi, Assam	1901	IOC
5.	Essar, Vadinar, Gujarat	2006	Essar Oil
6.	Gujarat, Koyali, Vadodara	1965	IOC
7.	Guru Gobind Singh, Bhatinda	2011	HPCL
8.	Guwahati, Assam	1962	IOC
9.	Haldia, West Bengal	1975	IOC
10.	Jamnagar, Gujarat	1999	Reliance
11.	Kochi, Kerala	1963	BPCL
12.	Mangalore, Karnatataka	1988	ONGC
13.	Mathura, UP	1972	IOC
14.	Mumbai, Maharashtra	1954	HPCL
15.	Mahaul, Mumbai, Maharashtra	1955	BPCL
16.	Nagapattinam, Tamilnadu	1993	CPCL
17.	Panipat, Haryana	1998	IOC
18.	Tatipaka, Andhra Pradesh	2001	ONGC
19.	Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh	1957	HPCL

Two. 1. Vadinar, Gujarat owned by Essar Oil
2. Jamnagar, Gujarat owned by Reliance Groups.

Jamnagar Oil Refinery, Gujarat owned by Reliance Groups.

Aliabet - Gujarat.

Ghawar oil field, Saudi Arabia.

In Arabic it is "Rub" al Khali - one of the largest sand deserts in the world covering an area of 650000 SQKM spread across Saudi Arabia, Oman, UAE and Yemen. Second richest oil field lies here.

First hydro electric project was commissioned at Darjeeling, in 1887.

Kolkatta in 1899 (Bengaluru city in 1906).

1969 - Tarapore Atomic Power Station, Thane.

Koodangulam, Tirunelvely Dt., Tamilnadu.

75%.

Vankusawade Wind Park,Sattara, Maharashtra - 250 MW.

Damodar Valley Corporation, Jharkhand - 1948.

Bureau of Energy Efficiency: Delhi - Established in 2002 under the Energy Conservation Act of 2001.

Central Electric Authority: Created under Electricity Act of 2003.

Krishna. (in Andhra Pradesh)

Narmada.

Periyar.

1. Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd., Bengaluru - 1940/1964. - Manufactures aircrafts and related accessories. (www.hal-india.com) Ministry of Defence.
2. Hindustan Shipyard Ltd., Visakhapatnam - 1941/1961. Started as Scindia Shipyard in June 1941 and later became Hindustan Shipyard Ltd., in 1961. (www.hsl.nic.in) Now under the Ministry of Defence.
3. Bharat Electronics Ltd., 1954 - Bengaluru - manufactures advanced electronic products for armed forces. Has 9 factories at different locations. Comes under the Ministry of Defence. (www.bel-india.com)
4. Indian Telephone Industries., 1948 - Bengaluru - manufactures GSM mobile phones and other telecommunications accessories. Has six manufacturing units at different locations. Comes under the Department of Telecommunications.(www.iitltd-india.com)
5. Hindustan Copper Limited: 1967 - Kolkatt - has units at Agnigundala (AP) Dariba (Rajasthan), Malanjkhand (MP) and Rakha (Jharkhand). (www.hindustancopper.com)
7. Hindustan Insecticides Ltd., - 1954 - Kochi - manufactures agri-chemicals. Has its plants at Udyogmandal (Kerala)., Rasayani, Mumbai (Maharashtra) and Bhatinda (Punjab) (Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers)
8. Bharat Dynamics Ltd., 1970 - Hyderabad - manufactures ammunitions, rifles, missile systems etc., Comes under the Ministry of Defence.(www.bdl.ap.nic.in)
9. Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd., 1884 -Kolkatta, West Bengal Builders of naval ships, tankers, bulk carriers, patrol boats etc., Comes under the Ministry of Defence. - (www.grse.nic.in)
10.Praga Tools Ltd., 1943 - Secunderabad - manufactures machine tools.Comes under Ministry of Defence (www.pragatools.org)

1. Tata Groups: Steel, Automotive, Consultancy, Information Technology, Research Centres, Telecom, Insurance, Medicare etc.,
2. Reliance Groups: Textiles, Polyster, Fibre, Chemicals, Petrochemicals, Insurance, Telecom, Retail Outlets on Consumer products etc.,
3. Bajaj Groups: Automotive, Electrical, Insurance etc.,
4. Hero Groups : Bicycles, Two Wheelers etc., (largest manufacturers of by-cycles and two wheelers)
5. TI Groups: Cycles, Accessories, Steel Products, Financing etc.,
6. Khaitan Groups: House hold appliances.
7. Ashok Leyland Groups: Heavy Automotives.
8. TVS Group: Two Wheelers, Fasteners, Spares & Accessories.
9. Mahindra Groups: Automobiles, Insurances, Information Technology.
10.Glaxo Groups: Baby care products, medicines, consumer goods etc.,
11.Himalayas Groups: Drugs & Cosmetics.
12.Nestle Groups: Dairy Products and food products.
13.ITC Groups: Tobacco Products, Food Products etc.,
14.Godrej Groups: Household appliances, Consumer Goods, Finance etc.,
15.Dabur Groups: Medicines and Cosmetics.,
16.Biocon Groups: Biotechnology medicines etc.,
17.Birla Groups: Cement, Automotives etc.,
18.Infosys - Information Technology.
19.Hindustan Lever - Soaps, Detergents, hygiene products.,
20. Maruti Udyog Ltd., 1981 - HQ: Delhi - now known as Maruti Suzuki Ltd., India's leading automotive industry, has its plants at Gurgaon and Manesar near Delhi. Government has no holding on this company. (www.marutisuzuki.com)

Sarees, Dhotis, Lungis: Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Varnasi, Karnataka.
Textile Prints: Murshidabad, Farukkabad, Jaipur, Mumbai, Karnataka.
Carpets & Rugs: Mirzapur, Bhadohi, Ellora, Kashmir, Jaipur, Bengaluru.
Bedsheets: Sholapur, Erode, Karur
Tassar Silk: Sambalpur, Ahmedabad.
Patola Silk: Baroda.
Ivory Works: Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Rajasthan.
Sandalwood Works: Karnataka, Tamilnadu.
Brassware: Moradabad, Jaipur, Kashmir, Varnasi, Jaipur, Madurai, Tanjore.

1.Maharatna - with effect from 2009; 2.Navaratna -- with effect from 1997; Miniratna I & II - with effect from 2002.

Accorded to companies from 2009 onwards, which raises an investment ceiling from Rs.1000 Crores to 5000 Crores. They are also free to invest 15% of their investments in any other project. Following conditions have also to be fulfilled for getting the Maharatna status:
a) Should be holding Navaratna Status.
b) Listed on Indian Stock Exchange with minimum prescribed public share holding as per SEBI regulations.
c) An average turn over of more than 20000 Cr during the last three years.
d) An average annual networth of more than 10000 Cr during the last three years.
e) An average annual net profit after tax of more than 2500 Cr during the last three years.
f) should be significant global presence/international operations.

1. Coal India Limited., 2. Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., 3. National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd., 4. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd., 5. Steel Authority of India Ltd.,
These five companies have further been upgraded as "Maha Navratna" with the independent decision making powers upto Rs.5000 Crores. BSNL is expected to join this group soon.

A. These are titles accorded by the Central Government from 1997 to the profit making prestigious PSUs, which entails them the autonomy to compete in the global market. Initially it was accorded to nine companies and now it has been accorded to 16 PSUs.

1. Bharat Electronics Ltd.,
2. Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.,
3. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd.,
4. GAIL (India) Ltd., (Gas Authority of India Ltd)
5. Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.,
6. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd.,
7. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd.,
8. National Aluminium Co.Ltd.,
9. National Mineral Development Corporation
10. Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd.,
11. Oil India Ltd.,
12. Power Finance Corporation Ltd.,
13. Power Grid Corporation India Ltd.,
14. Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd.,
15 Shipping Corporation of India Ltd.,
16. Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd., (Vizag Steel)

Miniratna I - PSUs which are making a net profit of 30 Cr annually for the last three years are given this status. Allowed to invest Rs.500 Cr capital expenditure.
Miniratna II - Profit making PSUs which are allowed to invest 250 Cr or 50% of their net worth (whichever is lower) in capital expenditure.
There are about 63 Public Sector Undertakings under these two categories.

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) - Established in 1947 as " Indian Standards Institution" (ISI) is now called as above. It comes under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (headed by Sharad Pawar) It has eight laboratories across India and accords its certification on Chemical, food, electrical and mechanical disciplines. It has so far certified more than 18000 products. The main objective of this institution is to standardize the product in terms of specifications and quality. The first product to have the BIS 1 is our National Flag. (www.standardbis.in)

An organization created at regional levels to:
i) to establish just and equitable principles in trade;
ii) form a code or codes of practice to facilitate transaction of business;
iii) maintain uniformity in rules, regulations and usage of trade;
iv) to communicate with Chambers of Commerce, Mercantile and Public bodies worldwide and concert and promote measures for the protection of trade and traders.

Bengal Chamber of Commerce - 1853 - Kolkatta and covers all the eastern states of India.

Established in 1895 - a non government, non profit, industry led and managed organization seeking to play a proactive role in India's development process. Its objective is to create and sustain an environment conducive to the growth of industry in India, partnering industry and the government alike through advisory and consultative process. It has 64 offices across the country. (http://www.cii.in)

Geographical Identification Registry. UN Conference on Trade and Development sponsored establishment that confers the status for products. Its office is located at Chennai.

Madurai Malli - Jasmine flowers from Madurai District., Tamilnadu.

Darjeeling Tea - in 2004-2005. (As of now, 164 Indian Products have received the GI registration.

Darjeeling Tea - in 2004-2005. (As of now, 164 Indian products have received the GI registration.

Madurai Malli - Jasmine flowers from Madurai District., Tamilnadu.

Presently headed by Cabinet Minister Nirmala Seetharaman.

Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

159.

Second. (China is the first)

700.

The first car in India was by Mr. Foster of Crompton Greaves in 1897.

First Indians to own a car in India was Jamshedji Tata followed by Rustom Cama in 1901.

The first automotive industry to begin in India was “Embryonic” in the 1940s.

Mahindra & Mahindra – 1940s – Light commercial vehicles and tractors.

Chennai because of the concentration of automobile industries. (Pune in Maharashtra is the second to have number of automobile industries)

a) manufacturing almost 18 million vehicles (both two and four wheelers)
b) with an export of 2.35 million vehicles annually.
c) largest manufacturers of motorcycles in the world.
d) Seventh largest manufacturers of car and commercial vehicles.

SIAM - Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers - 1960 - New Delhi.

Presently headed by M.K. Azhagiri.

National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority: New Delhi – 1995.

1. Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Kolkatta – 1901 – Started by Bengal’s famous academician and politician Prafulla Chandra Roy.

Pimpri, Maharashtra - 1954.

1961 - Has main plants at Hyderabad, Gurgaon and Rishikesh and subsidiary plants at Chennai and Muzzafarpur.

Administered by Minister of State for Coal Sri Prakash Jaiswal.

Koalkatta - established in 1975.

Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd., : 1956 - HQ: Chennai – the mines are at Neyveli in Cuddalore Dt., Tamilnadu

Kothagudem, Khammam Dt., Andhra Pradesh -1920 - It is a joint venture of Andhra Pradesh (51%) and Central Government (49%).

Headed by Cabinet Minister Virbhadra Singh

1953 - Ernakulam, Kerala.

Mumbai - 1956.

Established in 1851 and headquartered at Kolkatta.

1981 - HQ: Bhubaneswar has units all over India

Kolkatta. 1967.

Buxwaha and Panna, Madhya Pradesh and Kollur, Andhra Pradesh.

Rajasthan (Khetri region).

Gujarat, Rajasthan and Jammu & Kashmir.

Iron ore deposits and mining.

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan.

By the Chinese between 202-220 AD by the Han Dynasty.

First Steel industry in India was started by Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) between 1907-1908 by Dorabjee Tata. The second one was Indian Iron and Steel Co., (IISCO) Burnpur, West Bengal in 1919.

Rourkela Steel Plant in 1959 with German Collaboration.

Lakshmi Narayan Mittal.

Tata groups.

Cabinet Minister, Virbhadra Singh and Minister of State A. Sai Pratap

Established in 1954 - HQ: New Delhi - has steel plants at Bhilai, Bokaro, Durgapur, Rourkela, Burnpur, Salem and Bhadravati

Salem, Tamilnadu.

1958 - HQ:Hyderabad

Visakhapatnam, A.P.

1976 - HQ: Bengaluru.

Formed in 1988, headed by Cabinet Minister Sharad Pawar.

At Fort Gloster, Kolkatta in 1818.

Surat, Ahmedabad and Mumbai.

Coimbatore.

The Ministry is now headed by a Minister of State Smt.Panabaka Lakshmi.

New Delhi – established in 1968.

HQ:Kolkatta 1971.

Mumbai. 1970.

Lucknow - 1983.

Jodhpur - Rajasthan.

1986 - It has its institutions at New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkatta, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, Chennai, Bengaluru, Rae Bareili, Patna, Shillong, Bhopal,Taliparamba, Kangra, Jodhpur in India and Mauritius.

China in the 7th Century.

Caribbean Islands.

Lt. J. Paterson of the British East India Co., whose report to the UK parliament about the advantages in India for sugar cane cultivation paved the way for serious and large scale cultivation.

582.

Largest producers of Sugar Cane and second largest producers of sugar.

Uttar Pradesh.

Large, Medium, Small Scale and Micor level industries.

PUBLIC SECTOR: Industries which are fully owned by the government or in a industry majority of the shares – 51% and above, are owned by the government.
PRIVATE SECTORS: Industries which are completely under the control of private parties, with complete shares held by an individual, or by family members or by other share holders. The share holding numbers may vary according to the inputs of the individuals.
SMALL SCALE: Industries which are entirely owned by an individual or only a few individuals, concentrated in clusters of “Industrial Estates” generally manufacturing requirements of the larger industries or individual items.
COTTAGE INDUSTRIES: Village oriented – mostly in the field of handicrafts or handlooms and are functioning on a cooperative or individual basis.

Micro Enterprises - where the investment does not exceed 25 lakhs including plant and machinery. Small Enterprises -- Where the investment is in excess of 25 lakhs but is below 5 Crores including plant and machinery. Medium Enterprises-Where the investment is between 5 to 10 crores.

They are defined on the basis of their investment viz: A. Micro --less than 10 lakhs; B. Small--Between 10 lakhs to 2 crores. Medium-- From 2 to 15 crores investment.

They are defined on the basis of their investment viz: Micro --less than 10 lakhs; B. Small--Between 10 lakhs to 2 crores. Medium-- From 2 to 15 crores investment.

Bhadravati.

Rourkela (Odisha)., Bhilai (Chattisgarh)., Durgapur (West Bengal)., Bokaro (Jharkhand)., Burnppur (West Bengal)., Salem (Tamilnadu)., Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh)., and Bhadravati (Karnataka).,

Tripura, Manipur, West Bengal, Ganges Valley, Andhra Pradesh and in off shores areas of West Benga, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Gujarat.

Industry to process the crude oil into different grades of oil for different uses.

Ankhleshwar, Kalol, Nawagaon, Mumbai Off shore (Bombay High), Krishna Godavari Basin, and Managala area of Rajasthan.

Two.
1. Vadinar, Gujarat owned by Essar Oil
2. Jamnagar, Gujarat owned by Reliance Groups.

Jamnagar Oil Refinery, Gujarat owned by Reliance Groups.

Ghawar oil field, Saudi Arabia.

First hydro electric project was commissioned at Darjeeling, in 1887.

Kolkatta in 1899 (Bengaluru city in 1906).

Koodangulam, Tirunelvely Dt., Tamilnadu.

75%.

Central Electric Authority: Created under Electricity Act of 2003.

Krishn (in Andhra Pradesh)

1. Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd., Bengaluru – 1940/1964. – Manufactures aircrafts and related accessories. (www.hal-india.com) Ministry of Defence.
2. Hindustan Shipyard Ltd., Visakhapatnam – 1941/1961. Started as Scindia Shipyard in June 1941 and later became Hindustan Shipyard Ltd., in 1961. (www.hsl.nic.in) Now under the Ministry of Defence.
3. Bharat Electronics Ltd., 1954 – Bengaluru – manufactures advanced electronic products for armed forces. Has 9 factories at different locations. Comes under the Ministry of Defence. (www.bel-india.com)
4. Indian Telephone Industries., 1948 – Bengaluru – manufactures GSM mobile phones and other telecommunications accessories. Has six manufacturing units at different locations. Comes under the Department of Telecommunications.(www.iitltd-india.com)
5. Hindustan Copper Limited: 1967 – Kolkatt – has units at Agnigundala (AP) Dariba (Rajasthan), Malanjkhand (MP) and Rakha (Jharkhand). (www.hindustancopper.com)
7. Hindustan Insecticides Ltd., - 1954 – Kochi – manufactures agri-chemicals. Has its plants at Udyogmandal (Kerala)., Rasayani, Mumbai (Maharashtra) and Bhatinda (Punjab) (Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers)
8. Bharat Dynamics Ltd., 1970 – Hyderabad – manufactures ammunitions, rifles, missile systems etc., Comes under the Ministry of Defence.(www.bdl.ap.nic.in)
9. Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd., 1884 -Kolkatta, West Bengal Builders of naval ships, tankers, bulk carriers, patrol boats etc., Comes under the Ministry of Defence. – (www.grse.nic.in)
10.Praga Tools Ltd., 1943 – Secunderabad – manufactures machine tools.Comes under Ministry of Defence (www.pragatools.org)

Narmad

1. Tata Groups: Steel, Automotive, Consultance, Information Technology, Research Centres, Telecom, Insurance, Medicare etc.,
2. Reliance Groups: Textiles, Polyster, Fibre, Chemicals, Petrochemicals, Insurance, Telecom, Retail Outlets on Consumer products etc.,
3. Bajaj Groups: Automotive, Electrical, Insurance etc.,
4. Hero Groups : Bicycles, Two Wheelers etc., (largest manufacturers of by-cycles and two wheelers)
5. TI Groups: Cycles, Accessories, Steel Products, Financing etc.,
6. Khaitan Groups: House hold appliances.
7. Ashok Leyland Groups: Heavy Automotives.
8. TVS Group: Two Wheelers, Fasteners, Spares & Accessories.
9. Mahindra Groups: Automobiles, Insurances, Information Technology.
10.Glaxo Groups: Baby care products, medicines, consumer goods etc.,
11.Himalayas Groups: Drugs & Cosmetics.
12.Nestle Groups: Dairy Products and food products.
13.ITC Groups: Tobacco Products, Food Products etc.,
14.Godrej Groups: Household appliances, Consumer Goods, Finance etc.,
15.Dabur Groups: Medicines and Cosmetics.,
16.Biocon Groups: Biotechnology medicines etc.,
17.Birla Groups: Cement, Automotives etc.,
18.Infosys – Information Technology.
19.Hindustan Lever – Soaps, Detergents, hygiene products.,
20. Maruti Udyog Ltd., 1981 – HQ: Delhi – now known as Maruti Suzuki Ltd., India’s leading automotive industry, has its plants at Gurgaon and Manesar near Delhi. Government has no holding on this company. (www.marutisuzuki.com)

Periyar.

Sarees, Dhotis, Lungis: Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Varnasi, Karnataka.
Textile Prints: Murshidabad, Farukkabad, Jaipur, Mumbai, Karnataka.
Carpets & Rugs: Mirzapur, Bhadohi, Ellora, Kashmir, Jaipur, Bengaluru.
Bedsheets: Sholapur, Erode, Karur
Tassar Silk: Sambalpur, Ahmedabad.
Patola Silk: Baroda.
Ivory Works: Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Rajasthan.
Sandalwood Works: Karnataka, Tamilnadu.
Brassware: Moradabad, Jaipur, Kashmir, Varnasi, Jaipur, Madurai, Tanjore.

1.Maharatna – with effect from 2009; 2.Navaratna -- with effect from 1997; Miniratna I & II – with effect from 2002.

Accorded to companies from 2009 onwards, which raises an investment ceiling from Rs.1000 Crores to 5000 Crores. They are also free to invest 15% of their investments in any other project. Following conditions have also to be fulfilled for getting the Maharatna status:
a) Should be holding Navaratna Status.
b) Listed on Indian Stock Exchange with minimum prescribed public share holding as per SEBI regulations.
c) An average turn over of more than 20000 Cr during the last three years.
d) An average annual networth of more than 10000 Cr during the last three years.
e) An average annual net profit after tax of more than 2500 Cr during the last three years.
f) should be significant global presence/international operations.

1. Coal India Limited., 2. Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., 3. National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd., 4. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd., 5. Steel Authority of India Ltd.,
These five companies have further been upgraded as "Maha Navratna" with the independent decision making powers upto Rs.5000 Crores. BSNL is expected to join this group soon.

1. Bharat Electronics Ltd.,
2. Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.,
3. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd.,
4. GAIL (India) Ltd., (Gas Authority of India Ltd)
5. Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.,
6. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd.,
7. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd.,
8. National Aluminium Co.Ltd.,
9. National Mineral Development Corporation
10. Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd.,
11. Oil India Ltd.,
12. Power Finance Corporation Ltd.,
13. Power Grid Corporation India Ltd.,
14. Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd.,
15 Shipping Corporation of India Ltd.,
16. Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd., (Vizag Steel)

These are titles accorded by the Central Government from 1997 to the profit making prestigious PSUs, which entails them the autonomy to compete in the global market. Initially it was accorded to nine companies and now it has been accorded to 16 PSUs.

Miniratna I - PSUs which are making a net profit of 30 Cr annually for the last three years are given this status. Allowed to invest Rs.500 Cr capital expenditure.
Miniratna II - Profit making PSUs which are allowed to invest 250 Cr or 50% of their net worth (whichever is lower) in capital expenditure. There are about 63 Public Sector Undertakings under these two categories.

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) – Established in 1947 as “ Indian Standards Institution” (ISI) is now called as above. It comes under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (headed by Sharad Pawar) It has eight laboratories across India and accords its certification on Chemical, food, electrical and mechanical disciplines. It has so far certified more than 18000 products. The main objective of this institution is to standardize the product in terms of specifications and quality. The first product to have the BIS 1 is our National Flag. (www.standardbis.in)

An organization creted at regional levels to:
i) to establish just and equitable principles in trade;
ii) form a code or codes of practice to facilitate transaction of business;
iii) maintain uniformity in rules, regulations and usage of trade;
iv) to communicate with Chambers of Commerce, Mercantile and Public bodies worldwide and concert and promote measures for the protection of trade and traders.

Bengal Chamber of Commerce – 1853 – Kolkatta and covers all the eastern states of India.

Established in 1895 � a non government, non profit, industry led and managed organization seeking to play a proactive role in India�s development process. Its objective is to create and sustan an environment conducive to the growth of industry in India, partnering industry and the government alike through advisory and consultative process. It has 64 offices across the country. (http://www.cii.in)