The Ministry Science and Technology comprising of Departments of (i) Atomic Energy (ii) Bio Technology (iii) Science and Industrial Research (iv) Science and Technology and (v) Space and The Ministry of Earth Science is headed by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi himself, assisted by Minister of State Shri Jitendra Singh.

A department that is directly under the control of the Prime Minister. Indian Atomic Energy Commission was set up in 1948 under the Department of Scientific Research which was followed with the establishment of Department of Atomic Energy in August 1954. In 1958, the Atomic Energy Commission was brought under Department of Atomic Energy and Dr. Homi J. Bhabha was its first Chairman. Now for this Commission, the Secretary of the Department of Atomic Energy is the ex-officio Chairman, with a Secretary and 8 members which includes the Minister of State.

This Department has the following sub-departments, Public Sector Undertakings,Research & Development Units, and other private and subsidiary organizations:
1. ATOMIC ENERGY REGULATORY BOARD: Mumbai - 1983 - Established under Section 27 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1962, to carry out certain regulatory and safety functions under the Act. It is to ensure that the use of ionizing radiation and nuclear energy in India does not cause undue risk to health and environment. (www.aerb.gov.in)
2. BOARD OF RADIATION AND ISOTOPE TECHNOLOGY: Mumbai - 1948 - Produces and supplies radio isotope products, radio chemicals, and other requirement, identify and educate radiation sources, manufacture gamma radiography equipments and gamma irradiant systems. Also prepares plans, projects and schemes for submission to the Planning Commission, reviews the progress of projects and offers suggestions for improvement. (www.britatom.gov.in)
3. NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION OF INDIA: Mumbai - 1987 - A public Sector Undertaking responsible for generation of nuclear power for electricity using nuclear fuel sources. Also responsible for construction, operation and maintenance of nuclear power plants. Produces nearly 4780MWe. (www.npcil.nic.in)
4. INDIAN RARE EARTHS Ltd.,, Mumbai - 1950 - Produces/sells heavy minerals like:Ilmenite, Rutile, Zircon, Monazite, Sillimanite and Gamet and other value added products. Its R & D wing is at Kollam, Kerala (www.irel.gov.in)
5. ELECTRONIC CORPORATION OF INDIA Ltd: Hyderabad - 1967 - Manufactures all electronic requirements of all the departments of India. (www.ecil.co.in)
6. BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE : Mumbai - 1954 - Started as The Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay and renamed as such after the death of Homi. J.Bhabha. India's primary nuclear research centre and facility. Has a few nuclear reactors and the following research centres under its control:i) Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research, Hyderabad. (1948); ii) Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, TN (1985); iii)Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkatta (1977); iv) Raja Ramanna Centre for Advance Technology, Indore.
7. URANIUM CORPORATION OF INDIA : Singhbhum, Bihar - 1967 - responsible for mining and milling of Uranium ore wherever identified in India. (www.ucil.gov.in)

The Department of Atomic Energy has the following academic and research institutions under its control, with the financial aid from the Ministry of Science and Technology:
1. ATOMIC ENERGY EDUCATION SOCIETY: 1969 - it is meant for facilitating quality education for the children of employees of Department of Atomic Energy. It has 30 schools with 30000 students and 1781 staff.
2. TATA INSTITUTE OF FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH: Mumbai - 1945 - Dedicated to basic research in mathematics and science leading to Ph.D.
3. TATA MEMORIAL CENTRE : Mumbai - 1941 - A hospital with research facilities.
4. CENTRE FOR EXCELLENCE IN BASIC SCIENCES : Mumbai - 2007 - for under graduate science education and research opportunities.
5. SAHA INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS : Kolkatta - 1949 - Research and training in physical and biophysical sciences.
6. INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS : Bhubaneshwar, Odisha - 1972.
7. HARISHCHANDRA RESEARCH INSTITUTE : Allahabad - 1966 - Premier research institute for India in theoretical physics and mathematics.
8. INSTITUTE OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES : Chennai - 1962 - National Institute for fundamental research in mathematical and physical sciences.
9. NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR SCIENCE EDUCATION AND RESEARCH : Bhubaneshwar - 2007 -A science institution on the lines of IISc, Bengaluru. (www.niser.ac.in)

1. Nuclear Fuel Complex: Hyderabad - 1971 - manufactures and supplies nuclear fuel bundles and reactor core components. (www.nfc.gov.in)
2. Heavy Water Board: Hyderabad - 1962 - Produces the required heavy water for the nuclear reactors in India - the plants are located at Baroda, Hazira, Kota, Manguru, Talcher, Thal, and Tuticorin ( www.heavywaterboard.org)

This Department of was set up in 1986. It is responsible for administering development in the field of modern biology and biotechnology in India, like -a) promoting large scale use of biotechnology b) supporting R & D and manufacturing activities in biology.c) promoting institutions-industries interaction d) evolving bio-safety guidelines and other related activities. This department has a number of research institutions and two Public Sector Undertakings under its control:
1. National Brain Research Centre: Manesar, Haryana - 1997 - a major neuroscience research group (www.nbrc.ac.in)
2. Centre for DNA Finger Printing & Diagnostics: Hyderabad - 1990 (www.cdfd.org.in)
3. Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology: Thiruvananthapuram - 2002 - Premier research institute in India, exclusively devoted to research in molecular biology and biotechnology. (www.rgcb.res.in)
4. Bharat Immunological & Biological Corporation: Bulandshar, UP - 1989 -manufactures oral polio vaccines and other immunizers.

This department was established in 1985. Its main objective is to carry out the activities relating to indigenous technology promotion, development, utilization and transfer of knowledge. The executive part is taken care of by:CSIR - Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - HQ: Delhi - 1962 - (www.csir.res.in) - India's largest Research and Development organization with the following research centres and number of field stations and extension centres across the nation, with a staff strength of over 17000. An autonomous body but funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology. CSIR has the following centres/institutions under its control:
1. Advanced Materials and Process Research Institute: Bhopal - 1982 - offers courses in Biotech, Chemical Engg., Petro Chemical Technology, B. Pharma etc., (www.ampri.res.in/eng)
2. Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology: Hyderabad - 1987 - it is a Research and Development organization. ( www.ccmb.res.in)
3. Central Drug Research Institute: Lucknow - 1951 - pioneer research organization in the field of biomedical. (www.cdriindia.org)
4. Central Electro Chemical Research Institute: Karaikudi, TN - 1953 - Premier institution on Research and Development in electrochemical in South East Asia. (www.cecri.res.in)
5. Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute: Pilani, Rajasthan - 1953 -for advanced research and development in electronics. It has a branch at Chennai. (www.ceerichennai.org)
6. Central Food Technological Research Institute: Mysore - 1950 - a pioneer research institution for food science and related studies. (www.cftri.com)
7. Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute: Kolkatta.
8. Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants: Lucknow - 1959 - (www.cimap.res.in)
9. Central Leather Research Institute - Chennai - 1948 - (www.clri.org)
10. Central Scientific Instruments Organization : Chandigarh - 1959 - for innovation and development of scientific instructions (www.csio.res.in)
11. Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute: Durgapur - 1958 - a premier engineering institution.
12. Central Salt & Marine Chemical Research Institute: Bhavnagar, Gujarat -1956.
13. Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology : Delhi - 1977 - (www.igib.res.in)
14. Indian Institute of Chemical Technology: Hyderabad - 1983 (www.iictindia.org)
15. Indian Institute of Chemical Biology: Kolkatta - 1935 - (www.iicb.res.in)
16. Indian Institute of Petroleum: Dehradun - 1960 - Offers courses on petroleum technology and conducts research. (www.iip.res.in/iipnew/index.html)
17. Institute of Microbial Technology: Chandigarh - 1984 (www.imtech.res.in)
18. Indian Institute of Toxicology Research: Lucknow - 1965 (www.iitrindia.org/)
19. National Aerospace Laboratories: Bengaluru - 1959 (www.nal.res.in)
20. National Botanical Research Institute: Lucknow - 1953 (www.nbri.res.in)
21. National Chemical Laboratory: Pune - 1950 - (www.ncl.india.org)
22. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute: - Nagpur - 1958 (www.neeri.res.in)
23. National Geophysical Research Institute: Hyderabad - 1961 (www.ngri.res.in)
24. National Institute of Oceanography: Goa - 1966 - (www.nio.org)
25. National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources: New Delhi - 2002 - (www.niscair.res.in)
26. National Physical Laboratory: New Delhi - 1947 (www.nplindia.org)
27. North East Institute of Science and Technology: Jorhat - 1961 (www.rrljorhat.res.in)
28. National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science & Technology: Thiruvananthapuram.
29. Central Building Research Institute: Roorkee
30. Central Fuel Research Institute: Dhanbad
31. Central Mining Institute: Dhanbad
32. Central Road Research Institute: Delhi.
33. Institute of Himalayan Biosource Technology: Palampur
34. National Metallurgical Laboratory: Jamshedpur.
35. Structural Engineering Research Institute: Chennai.

Created in 1971, to promote new areas of Science and Technology and act as a nodal agency for organizing, coordinating and promoting Science and Technology activities. (http://dst.gov.in)
It has a few organizations functioning under it. The notable one is:Survey of India: Dehradun - 1767. Mapping and Surveying of Indian territory is its prime object. (www.surveyofindia.gov.in)

1961 - Homi J. Bhabha was given the responsibility of space research and in 1962 INCOSPAR (Indian National Committee for Space Research) under the leadership of Dr.Vikram Sarabhai was established. In 1969, INCOSPAR became ISRO - Indian Space Research Organization. It was followed by establishment of separate Department of Space and ISRO was brought under this department.
ISRO- INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION: Bengaluru - 15.8.1969 - The headquarters is housed at " Antariksh Bhavan". In Hindi ISRO is called the "Bharatiya Antariksha Anusandhan Sanghatan". K. Radhakrishnan is the current Chairman of ISRO (April 2012).

1. Indian Space Research Organization, Bengaluru - 1969. (ISRO)
2. Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station-(TERLS) - Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala - 21.11.1963 - It was from here a beginning was made to launch the first rocket.
3. Space Science and Technology Centre- (SSTC) - 1965 - Located at Veli Hills, Thiruvananthapuram - a research and development establishment of ISRO.
4. Rocket Propellant Plant --(RPP)- 1969 - Thumba, Thiruvananthapuram - Produces solid propellant blocks to support satellite launch.
5. Rocket Fabrication Facility-(RFF)- 1971 - Thumba - Thiruvananthapuram - Produces related hardwares.
6. Sri Harikota Rocket Range - 1971 - Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh - A satellite Launching Station - From 2002 it is known as Satish Dhawan Space Centre.(www.shar.gov.in)
7. Solid Propellant Space Booster Plant: At Sriharikota Island for production of large size propellants.
8. Static Test & Evaluation Complex: Sriharikota, A.P. Testing Centre for static tests and simulated high altitude tests for rocket motors.
9. Rocket Sled Facility: Sriharikota - A.P. High Speed Rocket Testing Facility.
10.Experimental Satellite Communication Earth Station: Ahmedabad - 1967 - to impart instruction in Satellite Communication Technology.
11.Satellite Instructional Television Experiment Centre: Ahmedabad - 1970. To conduct joint TV experiments.
12.Satellite Communication Systems Division: Ahmedabad. Responsible for systems design, management, manufacturing, installation and Commission of satellite communication systems.
13.Experimental Satellite Communication Earth Station: India's first satellite communication Earth Station at Arvi, Pune - operates through INTERSAT III Satellite positioned over the Indian Ocean. The Second station is at Dehradun.
14.Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre: Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala - 1970 - Established by Dr. Vikram Sarabhai.
15. Space Application Centre: Ahmedabad - Responsible for various aspects of space applications, specially in the field of satellite communications and Remote Sensing and meteorology.
16. ISRO Satellite Centre: Bengaluru. Design, Fabrication, Testing and management of Satellites for scientific, technological and application missions.
17. Liquid Propulsion Centres: Thiruvananthapuram - Kerala; Bengaluru - Karnataka and Mahendragiri, Tamilnadu. Centres for development of liquid propulsion system.
18. ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network: Bengaluru - with ground network stations at Sriharikota, Thiruvananthapuram, Lucknow, Port Blair, and Mauritius provides telemetry, tracking, command support to launch vehicle satellite missions of ISRO and other space agencies..
19. ISRO Intertial System Unit: Thiruvananthapuram - Kerala - carries out development of intertial system of both satellites and launch vehicles.
20. National Mesosphere, Stratosphere, Troposphere Reader Facility: At Gadanki, Tirupati, A.P. Provides facilities for scientists to carry out atmospheric research.
21. Master Control Facility: Hassan, Karnataka. Responsible for all post launch operations of INSAT satellites including orbital manoeuvre, station keeping and in orbit operations on the spacecraft. With so many agencies involved right from designing to monitoring of post launch operations, it is no wonder that our country is one of the six (Only) countries in the world to master the space science technology. The launching INSAT 1B and its subsequent variations like 1D, 2B, and 2C has made the communication network specially Television to reach nearly 85% of the population. Launching of INSAT 4B in March 2007 helped in augmenting the television network of "Direct to Home (DTH)" technology and communication network. The launching of Indian Remote Sensing satellites, beginning from IRS - 1A in 1988 to IRS 1D (1997), has helped the country to cover different fields such as crop acreage, yield estimation, drought warning, flood control, damage assessment, wasteland management, underground water exploration and so on. In order to make the education accessible to more people, through visual coaching, Edusat - Educational Satellites have been launched specifically during 2004 and 2005 and it has helped the student community to get the best people coaching through televisions interactive sessions. Besides systematically augmenting the scope of television, telecommunication,remote sensing, education and research work through satellites, our country has been able to launch other countries like, Israel, Italy, Korean satellites, thereby establishing a strong relationship with other countries. Thus it has been a success story as far as Indian Space Mission is concerned. However, there have been few failures in our country's efforts which is very minimum compared to the success rate.

A new ministry formed in July 2006 , functioning under the Ministry of Science And Technology, to look after Atmospheric sciences, ocean science and technology and seismology in an integrated manner. Following are the organizations functioning under this ministry:
1. National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting: Noida, U.P.
2. Indian Meteorological Department: This department was formed in 1889 at the backdrop of a severe tropical cyclone in Calcutta in 1864, followed by severe famine in Bengal and Bihar in 1866 and 1871 and Sir John Elliot was the first Director General. It is headquartered at Delhi and has regional offices at Mumbai, Chennai, New Delhi, Kolkatta, Nagpur, Machilipatnam and Guwahati. By using the INSAT for weather monitoring, our country is the first developing nation to develop and maintain its own geostationary satellite system. (www.imd.gov.in)
3. Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services: Hyderabad - 2007 - Ocean information and advisory services to the society, industry, government and scientific community. It is using the data received from Oceansat 2 through its ground station. ( www.incois.gov.in)
4. National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research: Vasco-da-Gama, Goa - 1998 - Responsible for Indian Antarctic programmes, maintenance of India's Antarctic Research Station "Maitree" and Arctic Research Station "Himadri" at Spitsbergen, Norway. The name of the oceanic research vessel is " ORV Sagar Kanya". (www.ncaor.gov.in)
5. National Institute of Ocean Technology: 1993 - Chennai - To develop a scientific understanding of oceans, coasts and marine life and to develop technology for the sustenance and environmentally sound applications of physical and biological resources in the Indian Exclusive Economic zone. (www.niot.res.in)
6. Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology: Kochi - Research and and development in basic sciences on marine living resources and ecology.(www.cmlre.gov.in)

The energy released from an atom in nuclear fission or fusion or radio active decay.

The splitting of the nuclei of atoms, with conversion of the part of the energy into complete energy.

The fusion of atomic nuclei into a nucleus of heavier mass, with a resultant loss in the combined mass, which is converted into energy.

A device for initiating and maintaining a controlled nuclear chain reaction in a fissionable fuel for the production of energy or additional fissionable material.

Means splitting apart or dividing into parts.

Means Boiling Water Reactor.

Water highly enriched with "hydrogen isotope deuterium" is called so. Pure heavy water is not radioactive. Physically and chemically similar to water but 11% denser than water. India is the largest producer of Heavy Water.

Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor.

Pressurized Water Reactor.

Atomic Power Station.

Homi Jehangir Bhabha - he along with Sir Dorabjee Tata started the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research centre in 1945 at Mumbai to conduct research in the field.

1954 - this department is always at the direct control of Prime Minister.

1948 under the control of Department of Scientific Research. Later in 1954 it was brought under the control of Department of Atomic Energy.

Dr.Homi J. Bhabha

Secretary, Department of Atomic Energy is the ex-officio chairman, with a Secretary and 8 members which includes the Minister of State.

Reactors are meant to create a chemical change by co-acting with another chemical.

APSARA - At Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai. Commissioned on August 4, 1956. It was a one Megawatt swimming pool type reactor, producing isotopes. It is also the first reactor in Asia.

BARC - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (named so in 1966) but commissioned in 1957 at Trombay in Mumbai, Maharashtra.

1. Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkatta.
2. High Altitude Research Centre, Gulmarg, Jammu and Kashmir.
3. Nuclear Research Laboratory, Kashmir.
4. Seismic Station, Gauri Bidanur, Karnataka.

Atomic Energy Regulatory Board: Mumbai - 1983 - Established under Section 27 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1962, to carry out certain regulatory and safety functions.

Board of Radiation & Isotope Technology: Mumbai - 1948 - Produces and supplies radio isotope products, radio chemicals.

Nuclear Power Corporation of India: Mumbai - 1987 - A Public Sectior Undertaking responsible for generation of nuclear power for electricity using nuclear fuel sources.

Indian Rare Earths Ltd., Mumbai - 1950 - Produces/sells heavy minerals like: Ilmenite, Rutile, Zircon, Monazite, Sillimanite and Gamet and other value added products.

Uranium Corporation of India : Singhbhum, Bihar - 1967 - responsible for mining and milling of Uranium ore wherever identified in India.

Nuclear Fuel Complex: Hyderabad - 1971 - manufactures and supplies nuclear fuel bundles and reactor core components.

Heavy Water Board: Hyderabad - 1962 - Produces the required heavy water for the nuclear reactors in India - the plants are located at Baroda, Hazira, Kota, Manguru, Talcher, Thal, and Tuticorin.

Atomic Energy Education Society: 1969 -It has 30 schools with 30000 students and 1781 staff.

Apart from Apsara the first nuclear reactor of India, following are the other ones:
Cirus: 1960 - Mumbai . It is the second reactor set up in India with the aid of Canada. Now defunct from 2010.
Zerlina - 1961 Mumbai - now defunct.
Dhruva - 1985 - Mumbai .
Purnima - I - 1972, II - 1984 and III - 1990.
Kamini - 1996 - Kalpakkam, Tamilnadu.

1. Produces Radio Isotopes, related equipments and Radio Chemicals for application in industries, agriculture and pharmaceuticals.
2. For these products, it has three plants at : i) ISOMED plant at Trombay, Mumbai. ii) RASHMI plant at Bengaluru. iii) Sterilization Plant at Delhi.

Kalpakkam, Chennai, TN - 1971 - Has successfully implemented FBTR - Fast Breeder Test Reactor - technology and constructed a 40 MW and 13 MW Nuclear Power Plants. By this, India has become the first among the developing countries and the 7th among developed countries in developing this FBTR technology in the Nuclear Field.

Indore, M.P. - 1984 - carries out research and development of high technology in fields like lasers, fusion and accelerators, synchrotron Radium Sources.

Situated in Kolkatta, it delivers beams of nuclear particles for research in nuclear sciences and produces isotopes for various applications.

Any of two or more forms of an element having same or very closely related chemical properties and same atomic number but with different atomic weights.

Located at Hyderabad and conducts survey and studies on Atomic Minerals in Indian Soil. It has identified the presence of 78000 tons of Uranium oxide in Jharkhand, Bihar, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh etc.,

Established in September 1987, it is responsible for design, construction, operation and maintenance of Atomic Power Stations (APS) for electricity generation by the Nuclear Fusion Technology under the provisions of Atomic Energy Act of 1962.

1. Tarapore APS - Thane Dt., Maharashtra - October 1969
2. Rajasthan APS - Kota, Rajasthan - 16.12.1973
3. Madras APS -- Kalpakkam, Tamilnadu - 27.1.1984
4. Narora APS -- Bulandshar, UP - 1.1.1991
5. Kakrapar APS - Surat, Gujarat - 06.5.1993
6. Kaiga APS - Uttar Karnataka - 16.11.2000
7. Kudankulam - Tamilnadu - 13.7.2013

1. Koodankulam, Tirunelvely Dt., Tamilnadu - expected to be commissioned in 2012.
2. Addition of two more units to Rajasthan APS.

1. CHERNOBYL : now in Kazakhstan and formerly in USSR when the incident took place on 26th April 1986 - which killed thousands of people and incapacitated another few thousands.
2. FUKUSHIMA Nuclear Power Plants I & II: Japan - 9th and 11th March 2011 due to a very high magnitude earthquakes, these two nuclear power plants were severely damaged and blasted, fearing leakage of radiation. People living in and around 50 to 60 sqkm were evacuated. Although not much loss of life is reported, it is still a major nuclear disaster and the after effect of it yet to be assessed.

Our country has successfully conducted following three nuclear tests all at Pokhran, Rajasthan:
1. 18.5.1974., 2. 11.5.1988 and 3. 13.5.1988. The last two were conducted during PM Atal Behari Vajpayee's period.

Plutonium Recycling Project.

CERN - European Organization for Nuclear Research located near Geneva, Switzerland, established in 1954. There are 22 member countries.In this organization only Sir Tim Berners Lee introduced the "World Wide Web -WWW" concept of sharing information through computer network across the world, in 1991.

International Atomic Energy Agency - Established in July 1957 - Headquartered at Vienna, Austria - Has about 151 member states. Headed by a Director General and the following have been the DGs so far:
1. W.Sterling Cole USA 1957-1961
2. Sigvard Eklund Sweden 1961-1981
3. Hans Blix Sweden 1981-1997
4. Md.ElBaradei Egypt 1997-2009
5. Yukiya Amano Japan Dec. 2009 .....................

National Brain Research Centre: Manesar, Haryana - 1997 - a major neuroscience research group (www.nbrc.ac.in)

Centre for DNA Finger Printing & Diagnostics: Hyderabad - 1990 (www.cdfd.org.in)

Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology: Thiruvananthapuram - 2002 (www.rgcb.res.in)

A.Bharat Immunological & Biological Corporation: Bulandshar, UP - 1989 - manufactures oral polio vaccines and other immunizers.

CSIR - Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - HQ: Delhi - 1962 A premier industry based central research organizations having under its fold about 35+ research institutions in various fields.

Hyderabad - 1987 - ( www.ccmb.res.in)

Central Drug Research Institute: Lucknow - 1951 - pioneer research organization in the field of biomedical. (www.cdriindia.org)

Karaikudi, TN - 1953 - Premier institution on Research and Development in electrochemical in South East Asia. (www.cecri.res.in)

Pilani, Rajasthan - 1953 -It has a branch at Chennai.(www.ceerichennai.org)

Mysore - 1950 a pioneer research institution for food science and related studies. (www.cftri.com)

Kolkatta.

Lucknow - 1959 -(www.cimap.res.in)

Chennai - 1948 - (www.clri.org)

Chandigarh - 1959 - for innovation and development of scientific instruments (www.csio.res.in)

Durgapur - 1958 - a premier engineering institution.

Bhavnagar, Gujarat -1956.

Delhi - 1977 - (www.igib.res.in)

Hyderabad - 1983 (www.iictindia.org)

Kolkatta - 1935 - (www.iicb.res.in)

Dehradun - 1960 - Offers courses on petroleum technology and conducts research. (www.iip.res.in/iipnew/index.html)

Chandigarh - 1984 (www.imtech.res.in)

Lucknow - 1965 (www.iitrindia.org/)

Bengaluru - 1959 (www.nal.res.in)

Lucknow - 1953 (www.nbri.res.in)

Pune - 1950 - (www.ncl.india.org)

Nagpur - 1958 (www.neeri.res.in)

Hyderabad - 1961 (www.ngri.res.in)

Goa - 1966 - (www.nio.org)

New Delhi - 1947 (www.nplindia.org)

Roorkee.

Dhanbad.

Dhanbad.

Delhi.

Jamshedpur.

Chennai.

Dehradun - 1767. Mapping and Surveying of Indian territory is its prime object. (www.surveyofindia.gov.in)

Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award - it was first awarded in 1958. It carries a prize money of Rs. 5 Lakhs and Rs.15000/- per month upto the age of 65 years. S.S.Bhatnagar was the founder of CSIR.

Dr. Vikram Sarabhai - 12.8.1919 to 31.12.1971 - he died of heart attack in sleep at Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.

In 1961, the then PM Jawaharlal Nehru attached the Space Research programme to the Department of Atomic Energy, then headed by the famous Nuclear Physicist Homi Jehangir Bhabha.

In 1962, Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was established.

1. First ISRO - Indian Space Research Organization was formed in 1969 with Bengaluru as headquarters.
2. Department of Space was formed in 1972 which was earlier with the Department of Atomic Energy.

Dr.Vikram Sarabhai.

1. Dr. Vikram Sarabhai 1969 - 1972
2. Dr.M.G.K.Menon 1972
3. Dr.Satish Dhawan 1972 - 1984
4. Dr. U. R. Rao 1984 - 1994
5. Dr.K. Kasturi Rangan 1994 - 2003
6. Dr. G. Madhavan Nair 2003 - 2009
7. Dr. K. Radhakrishnan 2009 ---------

1. Indian Space Research Organization.
2. Physical Research Laboratories.
3. Department of Space comprising the above two organizations.
4. National Remote Sensing Agency - established in 1980 to develop the remote sensing technology.

Aryabhatta - 19.4.1975 - launched from Kapustinyar, USSR. It is named after the famous astronomer Aryabhatta who was in the court of Chandragupta Vikramaaditya.

ISRO	Indian Space Research Organization
DOS	Department of space
NRSA	National Remote Sensing Agency
INSAT	Indian National Satellite System
APPLE	Arraine Passenger Pay Load Experiment
SLV	Satellite Launch Vehicle
ASLV	Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle
PSLV	Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
GSLV	Geo Synchronous Launch Vehicle
RLV	Reusable Launch Vehicle
SHAR	Sriharikota Rocket Range
SDSC	Satish Dhawan Space Centre
IRS	Indian Remote Sensing Satellite
ALS	Automatic Launch Processing System
SROSS	Stretched Rohini Satellite Series
RISAT	Radar Imaging Satellite
EDUSAT	Educational Satellite
METSAT	Meteorological Satellite
ANUSAT	Anna University Satellite.
IRNSS	Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System

RS - D2 - Rohini Satellite on 17.4.1983.

INSAT series.

IRS series of satellites.

Squadron Leader Rakesh Sharma - He was in space from 3rd April to 11th April 1984 - 7 days 21 hrs and 40 minutes in space.

Soyuz T 11 (Soyuz meaning Union)

Smt. Indira Gandhi. When she enquired him as to how India looked from the space, his reply was "sare jahan se achha" meaning "the best place than any other place".These words are the first line of a poem by Muhammad Iqbal.

Kalpana Chawla - Her first mission by STS 87 in 1997 was a successful one. But on the second mission by Columbia Space Shuttle - STS 107, the shuttle while landing near Texas disintegrated and killed all the seven astronauts including Kalpana Chawla on 1.2.2003.
She was from Karnal, Haryana.

Sunitha Williams - a born citizen of USA having her ancestral roots in Gujarat. She has had two flights into space with STS 116 and 117 and holds the following records:
i) 195 days in space - the longest by any woman astronaut.
ii) Number of space walks - four - a record.
iii) Total time spent on space walks - 29 hrs 17 mts - a record.
iv) The only astronaut to run a marathon (alongside Boston Marathon) in orbit on 16th April 2007.
During her STS 117 flight she took with her a copy of Bhagavad Gita, a tiny idol of Lord Ganesha and a few samosas.

1. Ashok Chakra by our country - the highest peace time gallantry award.
2. Hero of Soviet Union - by USSR.

To ensure that the GSLV has 99.99% safety record, before any manned mission.

Santhosh George Kulangara - by Virgin Galactic, the private space liner.

Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu named "Anusat". It was launched through PSLV C12 along with RISAT - 2 on 20.4.2009. It was an Indian student research microsatellite designed, developed and integrated at Aerospace Engineering Department of Madras Institute of Technology Chennai.

22.10.2008

ARIANE - an expendable launching system used to deliver payloads into geostationary transfer orbit or low earth orbit, from European Space Agency from French Guyana.
DELTA - an expendable launching system from USA.
SPACE SHUTTLE - a reusable launch system and orbital spacecraft operated by NASA.

India Meteorological Department: This department was formed in 1889 at the backdrop of a severe tropical cyclone in Calcutta in 1864, followed by severe famine in Bengal and Bihar in 1866 and 1871 and Sir John Elliot was the first Director General.

It is headquartered at Delhi and has regional offices at Mumbai, Chennai, New Delhi, Kolkatta, Nagpur, Machilipatnam and Guwahati.

Hyderabad - 2007.

A.Vasco-da-Gama, Goa - 1998 -

Chennai - 1993

Kochi.

GSAT 8 - launched on 21.5.2011.

Germany in 1927.

USSR - with its world's first launch of artificial satellite - Sputnik 1 on 04.10.1957.

USSR dispatched "Laika" the dog to space, through its second satellite "Sputnik 2" - on 3.11.1957.

January 1958 with its first satellite "Explorer 1".

14.9.1959 - Soviet "Luna 2" struck the lunar surface.

1. "Laika" - Dog - USSR - Sputnik II - 03.11.1957 - died in space after 10 days of orbit.
2. "Belka & Strelka" - Dogs - USSR - 19.8.1960 - returned safely after orbit.
3. " Felix" - Cat - By French Veronique AGI rocket - 18.10.1963 - returned safely.
4. " Able & Baker" - Monkeys - by USA on 28.5.1959 - returned safely.
5. " Enos " - Chimpanzee - 29.11.1961 - USA.

1. 09.11.1970 Bull Frogs by USA
2. 10.12.1970 Green Tree Frogs with Japanese Journalist Toyohiro Akiyama.
3. 28.07.1973 "Arabella" Spider.
4.14.12.1983 "Abrek & Bion" Primate Monkeys by USSR.
5.17.04.1998 Rats, Mice, Fish, Snails, Oysters, Eggs and Larvae by USA in STS 90 Columbia Space Shuttle.
6. 01.02.2003 Silk worms, Spiders, Carpenter Bees, Ants, Fish, Canister worms - by USA in STS 107 Columbia Shuttle, which broke up on reentry killing all but canister worms.

1.USSR Vostok 1 12.04.1961 Yuri Gagarin
2.USA Freedom7 05.05.1961 Alan Shepherd
3.CHINA Shenzhou 5 15.10.2003 Yang Liwei.

Yuri Gagarin - USSR - Vostok 1 - 12.04.1961

John Glen - Friendship 7 - 20.2.1962.

Alexey Leonov - 18.03.1965 - Voskhod 2 - USSR - 12mts 9 Seconds.

Edward White - 03.06.1965 - Gemini 4 - USA

Neil Armstrong - USA - 21.7.1969 by Apollo 11. His co-astronaut Edwin Aldrin was the immediate next.

Tranquility Base - as called by Neil Armstrong.

"Houston - Tranquility base here, the Eagle has landed".

" This is one step for a man, one giant leap for mankind".

"Beautiful, Beautiful, Magnificient Desolation".

Richar Nixon - A plaque containing his signature was placed on the moon and remains there still.

Both, Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin, were honoured with the "Presidential Medal of Freedom", the highest civilian award of USA.

Pete Conrad and Alan Bean - 19.11.1969 - Apollo 12 - USA.

Alan Shepherd & David Mitchell - 05.2.1971 - Apollo 14 - USA.

David Scott and James Irwin - 31.7.1971 - Apollo 15 - USA.

By the launch of joint space flight Apollo Soyuz Test Project on 15.7.1975 with five astronauts, three from USA and two from USSR. {USA - Thomas Stafford, Vance D. Brand and Donald K. Slayton. USSR - Alexei Leonov and Valeri Kubasov.}

Venus - 08.6.1975 - Venera 9 Soviet Spacecraft.

Mars - 30.8.1975 - Viking I of USA.

Voyager I of USA in September 1977.

Frequently launchable and mostly reusable space vehicle.

It began with the Space Shuttle "Columbia" on 12th April 1991 by USA.

Soviet Space Shuttle "Buran" - 15.11.1988 and landed automatically after two orbits.

Hubble Space Telescope - launched by NASA, USA on 24.4.1990 -. It is in orbit now and sends images regularly and its life is expected be upto 2013.

1.2.2003 - Columbia - STS 107- while landing at Texas, USA disintegrated and exploded killing all the seven astronauts including Kalpana Chawla the Indian Origin US Astronaut.

An artificial structure designed for humans to stay in out spaces and conduct the research and studies.

SKY LAB - 14.5.1974 - remained in orbit till 1979.

19.4.1991 - USSR - launched the first manned Space Station - "Salyut 1" with three men. Unfortunately, the entire crew died due to sudden loss of cabin pressure, before their aircraft made automatic landing.

1. Salyut - USSR; 2. Sky Lab - USA; 3. Mir - Russia and 4. International Space Station launched in 1998 by USA and Russia and is expected to stay there till 2012. The record is that it is continuously manned since 2nd November 2000 by regular exchange of astronauts.

Though it disintegrated during reentry and killed all the seven astronauts including the Indian origin astronaut Kalpana Chawla and other animals, amazingly the Canister worms survived and were recovered.

Fourteen.

Eugene Cernan - 1972 December.

PLANET	SPACECRAFT	LANDING/FLY PAST PERIOD
Venus	Mariner 2 (USA)	fly past in 1962
	Venera 4 (USSR)	landed in 1967
	Messenger (USA)	fly past in 2006 and 2007
Mars	Mariner 4 (USA)	fly past in 1965
	Path finder (USA)	landed in 1997
	Reconnisance Orbiter(USA)	In orbit 2006.
Jupiter	Pioneer 10(USA)	fly past 1973
	Galileo (USA)	landed in 2003
	New Horizon (USA)	fly past in 2007
Mercury	Mariner 10 (USA)	fly past 1974
	Messenger (USA)	fly past 2008, 2009
Saturn	Pioneer 11 (USA)	fly past 1979
	Cassini/Huygens	orbit/landing 2004
Uranus	Voyager 2 (USA)	fly past 1986
Neptune	Voyager 2 (USA)	Fly past 1989
Pluto	New Horizons (USA)	fly past 2015 - planned.

No.	ASTRONAUTS / MISSION / LANDING DATE
1& 2	Neil Armstrong & Edwin Aldrin -Apollo 11-- 21.07.1969
3 to 5	Charles Conrad, Allan L. Bean, Alan Shepherd -- Apollo 12 19.11.1969
6 & 7	Edgar Mitchell & David Scott -- Apollo 14 -- 05.02.1971
8 & 9.	James Irwin & John Young -- Apollo 15 -- 30.07.1971
10& 11	Kenneth Mattingly & Charles Duke -- Apollo 16 -- 21.04.1972
12 10 14	Eugene Cernan, Harrison Schmitt & Ronald R. Evans -- Apollo 17 -- 11.12.1972

Landing Missions = 6; No of Astronauts landed on the moon are == 14.

National Aeronautics and Space Agency, Houston, Texas, USA.

Dwight Eisenhower, President of USA - 1953-1961.

Werner Von Braun - A german space scientist, a naturalized US Citizen.

It is an imaginary line at an altitude of 100 Kms above the earth's surface which defines the boundary line between the Earth's atmosphere and outer space. It is defined so because the space beyond this 100 Kms mark is too thin for aeronautical activity. The line was defined by Theodore Von Karman an American Engineer and Physicist.

These are the five positions in an orbital configurations where a small object affected only by gravity, can theoretically be stationery. Example: Satellite to Earth.

Robert Curbeam - 24 hours 5 minutes in Mission STS 116 - an International Space Station Assembly Mission.

Eugene Cernan & Harrison Schmitt of Apollo 17 stayed for 74 hours and 59 minutes on the lunar surface.

James Lowell, Fred Haise and John Swigert became the farthest from the Earth at 400171 Kms while orbiting the moon at 254 Kms from the lunar surface.

Valeri Polyakov of Russia stayed at Mir LD4 for 437.7 days and orbited the earth 7075 times for some 30 crore and odd Kms between 8.1.1994 to 22.3.1995 in Soyuz TM 18.

Apollo 10 - mission accompanied by astronauts Thomas Stafford, John W Young and Gene German, achieved the highest speed relative to Earth, ever attained by human - 39896 Kmph.

Anatoly Soloyyev for a total of 77 hrs 41 minutes which is a record for total duration.

Joe Walker - USA in X-15 Flight 90 and X-15 Flight 91.

Jerry L. Ross and Franklin Chang Diaz of USA.

Earth V2 in 1944 by Germany much before the Vostok of USSR in 1961.

Spaceship One 15P - 21.6.2004 - Mike Melvil was the pilot, who by this flight, became the first ever non-governmental astronaut.

Vanguard 1 - USA - launched on 17th March 1958 - became disfunctional from 1964, but still remains in orbit. It was also the first solar powered flight.

Gherman Titov - USSR - Sputnik 2 - 1961.

Long March - family of rockets. The term Long March refers to the upraisal against the Kuomintang ruling which brought Mao Tse Dung to lead the Chinese politics in later years.

Dong Feng Hang - 24.4.1970.

7 miles per second.

Walter Marty Schirra Jr. - on Sigma 7, Mercury, Gemini 6A and Apollo 7.

James Webb Telescope - the next a large infrared optimized space telescope proposed to be launched in 2013.

Vostok 1.

Edward White - 1965.

John Chid - in the space shuttle "Friendship" in 1962.

Olympus - 1993 - European Space Agency.

Eileen Collins - USA - first female pilot and commander of a space shuttle STS 114 between 26th July 2005 to 9th August 2005.

Yuri Gagarin - Gagarin means wild duck in Russian.

Fruit flies.

Peach.

Golf.

Intelsat 1, nicknamed "Early Bird - was placed in geosynchronous orbit on 6.4.1965 - was the first telecommunication satellite which relayed television pictures to 24 countries.

1961

Pete Conrad, USA - Apollo 12 - 19-11-1969.

Pair of spiders that flew on NASA's skylab, the first US Space Station, to study whether spiders spin webs differently in microgravity.

Valentina Tereshkova - USSR - 16.6.1963 - Vostok 6

Apollo 17 - 11.12.1972 - USA.

Solar Max - February 14, 2980.

Badr 1 - 16.7.1990

Arabsat - 1 - 2.2.1985

Iridium 1 - 5.5.1997 - USA.

Syncom 3 - 19.8.1964 - USA

Tiros 1 - 1.4.1960 - USA.

Turksat 1B - 10.8.1994.

USSR - November 1967 - through "Orbita" satellite.

Palapa 1 - 08.07.1976.

1.NASA National Aeronautics & Space Administration. - USA.
2. RKA Russian Federal Space Agency
3.CNSA China National Space Administration.
4.ESA European Space Agency
5.JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.
6.ISRO Indian Space Research Organization.

PSLV - India; ARIANE - European Space Agency; DELTA - USA; SOYUZ -- Russia.

28.4.2008 - PSLV C9 - carrying the following ten satellites.
1. Cartosat 2A & IMS 1 of India (2)
2. Compass 1 & Rubin 8 of Germany (2)
3. Can X 6 and 2 of Canada (2)
4. Cute 1.7 and Seeds 2 of Japan (2)
5. Delfi C3 of Netherlands (1)
6. AAUSAT II of Denmark (1).

Cape Canaveral

Tipu Sultan.

Phoenix

Pioneer XI.

1. Challenger - STS 51 - 28.1.1986 disintegrated after 73 seconds into orbit and fell into Atlantic Ocean killing seven astronauts.
2. Columbia - STS 107 - 1.1.2003 - disintegrated while landing at Texas and killed all the seven crew members which included Kalpana Chawla.

North Pacific Ocean. Retrieving of the astronauts made by USS Hornet.

Asterix.

Nikolay Rukavishnikev. Russia.

John Glenn - At the age of 77 - Discovery STS 95 - 29.10.1998.

Anousheh Ansari - Soyuz TMA 9 - 18.9.2006.

Established in 1964. HQ: Paris - Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Austria, Ireland and Norway.

Sergei Avdeyev - Russia - 1993, 1996 and 1999.

 

SATELLITE	LAUNCHED FROM	LAUNCH DATE	PURPOSE
Aryabhatta	USSR	19.04.1975	Scientific Research
Bhaskara I	USSR	07.06.1979	Earth Observation
Rohini	SLV 3	18.07.1980	Earth Observation
Rohini	SLV 3	31.05.1981	Scientific
Apple	French Guyana	19.06.1981	Communication
Bhaskara II	USSR	20.11.1981	Earth Observation
Rohini	SLV 3	17.04.1983	Scientific
Insat 1B	USA	30.08.1983	Multipurpose
IRS 1A	USSR	17.03.1988	Remote Sensing
Insat 1D	USA	12.06.1990	Multipurpose
IRS 1B	USSR	29.08.1991	Remote Sensing
Sross III	ASLV	20.05.1992	Scientific
Insat 2A	USA	10.07.1992	Multipurpose
Insat 2B	French Guyana	23.07.1993	Multipurpose
Sross IV	ASLV	04.05.1994	Scientific Research
Insat 2C	French Guyana	07.12.1995	Telecommunication
IRS 1C	Russia	28.12.1995	Remote Sensing
IRS P3	PSLV	21.03.1996	Remote Sensing
IRS 1D	PSLV	29.09.1997	Remote Sensing
Insat 2E	French Guyana	03.04.1999	Multipurpose
Insat 3B	French Guyana	22.03.2000	Telecommunication
GSLV D1	French Guyana	18.04.2001	Telecommunication
PSLV C3	French Guyana	22.10.2001	Earth Observation
Insat 3C	French Guyana	24.01.2002	Communication
Metsat	PSLV	13.09.2002	Meteorology
Insat 3E	French Guyana	28.09.2003	Communication
Edusat	PSLV	20.09.2004	Educational
Cartosat/Hamsat	PSLV	05.05.2005	Educational
Insat 4A	French Guyana	22.12.2005	Communication
Cartosat 2	PSLV	10.01.2007	Communication
Insat 4B	French Guyana	12.03.2007	DTHCommunication
Agile	PSLV	24.04.2007	Communication
Insat 4CR	GSLV	02.09.2007	DTH Television
Tecsar	PSLV	21.01.2008	Communication
Cartosat 2A	PSLV	28.04.2008	Communication
Chandrayan 1	PSLV	22.10.2008	Moon Research
Resat, Ansat	PSLV	20.04.2009	Research
Oceansat 2	PSLV	23.09.2009	Research
Cartosat 2B	PSLC	12.07.2010	Communications.
GSAT 8/INSAT 4G	Ariane	21.05.2011	Communications.
GSAT 12	PSLV C37	15.07.2011	Communications.
PSLV - C 18**	PSLV	12.10.2011	Climate research.
PSLV - C 19 RISAT	PSLV	26.04.2012	Radar Imaging Satellite.
GSAT 10	Ariane 5	29.09.2012	Communication Satellite
SARAL	PSLV C20/ARIANE 5	25.2.13	Oceanographic studies
IRNSS 1A	PSLV C 22	01.7.2013	Navigation.
INSAT 3D	Ariane 5	26.7.13	Weather monitoring
GSAT 7	Ariane 5	30.8.13	Communication
MOM - Mars Orbiter Mission	PSLV C25	05.11.13	Mars Orbiter - Mangalyaan
GSAT 14	GSLV D5	05.01.2014	Communication
IRNSS 1B	PSLV C24	04.4.2014	Navigation.
PSLV C 23	PSLV C23	30.6.2014	Carried 5 foreign satellites for the first time.
IRNSS 1C	PSLV C 26	15.10.2014	Navigation.
GSAT 16	ARIANE 5	7.12.2014	Communication
IRNSS 1D	PSLV C 27	28.3.2015	Navigation
ASTROSAT	PSLV C 30	28.9.2015	Space Observatory
GSAT 15	ARIANE 5	11.11.2015	Communication
IRNSS 1E	PSLV C 31	20.1.2016	Navigation
IRNSS 1F	PSLV C 32	10.3.2016	Navigation
IRNSS 1G	PSLV C 33	28.4.2016	Navigation
CARTOSAT 2C	PSLV C 34	22.6.2016	Remote Sensing
INSAT 3DR	GSLV F O 5	8.9.2016	Meteorology
SCATSAT 1	PSLV C 35	26.9.2016	Meteorology
CARTOSAT 2D***	PSLV C 37	15.2.2017	Launching of 104 satellites of various countries.

**(This was launched successfully along with three other microsatellites viz:SRMSAT of SRM University, Chennai, JUGNu - Remote Sensing satellite of IIT Kanpur and Vesselsat of Luxembourg, for location of ships)

*** Launched 104 nano satellites, including two of Indian and rest of United States, Kazakhstan, Israel, The Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Arab Emirates.  It is a world record and has risen the image of Indian Space Technology.