A form of government in which the people ( or a majority of them) retain supreme control over the government, with a state head - normally President - who can take decisions only according to established laws.

26th January 1950. The date, 26th January, was chosen as on this date in 1930 it was decided to observe the date as Independence Day during the freedom struggle movement.

Article 52 of Part V.

26th January 1950. Preceding this date, it was Governor General. After independence, Lord Mountbatten continued as the Governor General till 21.6.1948, then Sir C.Rajagopalachari took over as the first and the only Indian Governor General of India from 21st June 1948 to 26th January 1950.

Article 54. Other Articles 51 to 61 deal with other matters related to President.

RASHTRAPATI - a Sanskrit word meaning "Lord of the Realm".

T.N. Srikantiah - Kannada Writer when he was a member of the Indian Constitution Council.

1. Citizen of India

2. Must be 35 years of age and above.

3. Should not hold any other office of profit.

These are the three main conditions, apart from other social and biological reasons, which normally gets scrutinized when the selection is made. The same conditions apply for Vice Presidents also.

Among the various constitutional posts, President of India is an elected post. The President is elected by an electoral college consisting of :
1. Elected members of both the Houses of Parliament.
2. Elected members of State legislatures.
3. The Election is conducted by secret ballots in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote.

Each member of a state legislative assembly has as many votes as is determined by the following formula;
Total Population of State (as per the last census)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Number of elected members of the legislative assembly
divided by 1000.
Fractions exceeding half will be counted as one. For securing parity between the States as a whole and the Union, the votes of each member of Parliament will be according to:
Total number of votes assigned to elected members to the Legislative Assemblies of the States divided by Total number of the elected member of both Houses of Parliaments: Quota:
Total Number of Votes polled
-------------------------------------------------- + 1
Number of Candidates.
If in the first count, no candidate secures the required quota of votes, the votes secured by the last candidate with least votes, are transferred among the other candidates according to the second preference on the ballot papers of the voters who gave him first preferences. The process of transfer of votes is continued till a candidate is elected on the basis of the requisite quota of votes.

Supreme Courts and its decision is final.

Chief Justice of India (Under Article 60).

5 years.

Article 61, by an impeachment motion.

Dr. Rajendra Prasad from 26.1.1950 to 13.5.1962.

Dr. Rajendra Prasad - 12 years and 3 months.

Dr. Zakir Hussain - 13.5.1967 to 03.5.1969 - 1 year and 355 days.

Q.18. Name the Presidents of India, who were honoured with Bharat Ratna, before becoming President?
1. S. Radadhakrishnan.  2. Zakir Hussain   3. A P J Abdul Kalam.

1. Chief Executive Head of the Union. 2. Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. 3. Assenting or Dissenting of bills. 4. Appointing persons to various Constitutional posts, Justices, Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts. 5. Only after the President's assent, a bill, becomes the law of the country. 6. Initiating parliamentary proceedings, grant of pardons etc., 7. President alone is empowered to declare emergencies, of course on the recommendation of the PM and his council of ministers.

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy - He was CM of Andhra Pradesh, Lok Sabha Speaker and then President.

Mohammed Hidayatullah - 20.7.1969 to 24.8.1969 - between the intervening period of election for the President.

Giani Zail Singh.

V.V.Giri in 1969.

R.Venkataraman.

Andhra Pradesh - Three - S.Radhakrishnan, V.V.Giri, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy.

Dr. S. Radhakrishnan - 5th September.

R. Venkataraman.

Giani Zail Singh - on 25th December 1994.

Rukmani Devi Arundale, the founder of Kalakshetra in Chennai. She was offered for nomination for the President by Morarji Desai, PM in 1977.

1,50,000 rupees per month.

Lifetime.

Air India One.

Three -   

1. Zakir Hussain 13.5.1967 - 3.5.1969;    

2. Fakruddin Ali Ahmed 24.8.1974 - 11.2.1977  and   

3. APJ Abdul Kalam 25.7.2002 25.7.2007

One. Giani Zail Singh - 25.7.1982 to 25.7.1987.

K.R. Narayanan - 25.7.1997 to 25.7.2002 (Kocheri Raman Narayanan).

Dr. Zakir Hussain and Fakruddin Ali Ahmed.

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy. He was 64 years when he became the President.

R. Venkataraman at the age of 76 years.

V.V.Giri (Varaha Giri Venkata Giri).

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam - 25.7.2002 to 25.7.2007 . His full name is Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam.

Smt. Pratibha Patil from 25.7.2007. Preceding this, she was the Governor of Rajasthan. In 1991, she was elected as a Member of Parliament from Amaravati constituency in Maharashtra and before that (1985-90)she was a Member of Parliament of Rajya Sabha. She also served as Member of the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra representing Muktainagar.

***Acting 
4. V.V.Giri -- On the death of Zakir Hussain 
5. Mohammad Hidayatullah -- regular Presiden election period                                                                                 8. B.D.Jatti  -- On the death of Fakruddin Ali Ahmed. 

Dr.Rajendra Prasad as President.

Dr.S.Radhakrishnan and Mohammad Hamid Ansari -- as Vice President.

Article of the 63 of the Constitution.

The elected members of both the Houses of Parliament. State legislatures have no role to play in the election of Vice President.

Article 64.

Article 67 - 5 years. Can be removed by resignation, or by removal, by a resolution in the Rajya Sabha passed by both Houses.

35 years and above and other conditions as for President.

6 months - within which arrangements have to be made to elect the regular President. Otherwise, it will become a constitutional breakdown.

President.

Dr.S. Radhakrishnan (S= Sarvepalli)

Dr.S.Radhakrishnan - 10 years. Then became the second President of India.

V.V.Giri - 2 years - 1967-1969.

Dr.S.Radhakrishnan, Dr.Zakir Hussain, V.V.Giri, R. Venkataraman, S.D.Sharma and K.R.Narayanan.

G.S.Pathak, B.D.Jatti, Muhammad Hidayatullah, Krishan Kanth and Bhairon Singh Shekawat. Of these, B.D.Jatti and Md.Hidayatullah had a brief stint as acting Presidents.

**Continues for a second term.

Article 155 - Governor is the executive head of a state, like the President for the country.
A Constitutional post, to be appointed by the President.
The normal tenure of a Governor is 5 years.

Nominated and appointed by the President from among Politicians, Bureaucrats, Defence Officers, Academicians, and other Citizens with distinguished career.

35 years and above (all other conditions similar to President and V.President).

Chief Justice of the respective High Courts.

Swaraj Kaushal - Husband of Sushma Swaraj, the leading politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He became a Governor of Mizoram in 1990 at the age of 38.

Sarojini Naidu,- 15.8.1947 to 2.3.1949 for the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) and she died of heart attack while in office.

Padmaja Naidu - daughter of Sarojini Naidu and she became the Governor of West Bengal from 3.11.1956 to 1.6.1967.

Lieutenant Governors.

He was the first Governor of three states viz Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura.

STATE	FIRST GOVERNOR
Andhra Pradesh	Chandulal M. Trivedi
Arunachal Pradesh	Bhishma Narain Singh
Assam	Md.Saleh Akbar Hydari
Bihar	Jairamdas Daulat Ram
Chhatisgarh	Dinesh Nandan Sahay
Goa	Maj.Gen.K.P.Candeth
Gujarat	Mehdi Nawaz Jung
Haryana	Dharma Vira
Himachal Pradesh	S.Chakravathi
Jammu & Kashmir	Dr.Karan Singh
Jharkhand	Prabhat Kumar
Karnataka	Jayachamaraja Wodeyar
Kerala	B.Ramakrishna Rao
Madhya Pradesh	Dr.Pattabhi Seetharamaiah
Maharashtra	Sri Prakasa
Manipur	B.K.Nehru
Meghalaya	B.K.Nehru
Mizoram	Hiteshwar Saikia
Nagaland	Vishnu Sahay
Orissa (Odisha)	Dr. Kailashnath Katju
Punjab	Chandulah Madhavlal Trivedi
Rajasthan	Gurmukh Nihal Singh
Sikkim	B.B.Lal
Tamilnadu	Sir Archibald Edward Nye
Tripura	B.K.Nehru
Uttarakhand	Surjit singh Barnala
Uttar Pradesh	Sarojini Naidu
West Bengal	C.Rajagopalachari
Telengana	E.S.L.Narasimhan

UNION TERRITORIES (Present Administrators)

Andaman & Nicobar	Prof. Jagdish Mukhi
Delhi	Anil Baijal
Puducherry	Kiran Bedi
Chandigarh	V.P.Singh Badnore
Daman & Diu	Praful Khoda Patel
Dadra & Nagar Havel	Praful Khoda Patel
Lakshadweep	Farooq Khan