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CONSTITUTION GENERAL

Q1. Indian Constitution is based on which country's constitution?
British.
Q2. Based on which British Resolution, the Constituent Assembly was formed to draft the Indian Constitution?
Cabinet Commission, 1946.
Q3. When was the Constituent Assembly formed and who headed the same?
9.12.1946 - headed by Dr.Sachidananda Sinha. After his death, Dr. Rajendra Prasad took over.
Q4. Who headed the Constitution Drafting Committee?

B.R. Ambedkar and thus he was called the "Father of Indian Constitution".

Q5. Who physically wrote the constitution in his own handwriting?

Prem Bihari Raizada - in his own handwriting in a flowing italic style in the best calligraphic traditions of our country.

Q6. Who made the artwork on the original hand written Constitution?
Nandalal Bose.
Q7. Who proposed the "Objective resolution" for the Draft Constitution?
The objective resolution refers to the ideology and philosophy proposed by Jawaharlal Nehru.
Q8. When was the 'objective resolution' adopted?
22.1.1948.
Q9. Who were the members of the Constitution Drafting Committee?

B.R.Ambedkar led Committee consisted of  1. Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, 2. Gopalaswamy Iyengar,  3. Dr.K.M.Munshi,  4. Syed Muhammad Saudulla, 5. B.I.Mitter,  6. N.Madhava Rao,  7. D.P. Khaitan  and  8. T.T. Krishnamachari.

Q10. What is "Preamble" in relation to Constitution and other statutes?
An introduction, especially to a constitution, statutes etc., stating its reason and purpose.
Q11. Who prepared the "Preamble" for the Indian Constitution?
Jawahar Lal Nehru based on American model.
Q12. How does the "Preamble" of the constitution begin?
" We the people of India".
Q13. TEXT OF THE PREAMBLE OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA:

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRACTIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens -

JUSTICE - social, economic and political.

LIBERTY - of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

EQUALITY - of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all;

FRATERNITY - assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation.

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY, this twentysixth day of November, 1949, DO HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. 

Q14. What is the other name mentioned for "India" in the Constitution?
Bharat.
Q15. When was the Draft Constitution approved?

26.11.1949 - passed by the Constituent Assembly.

Q16. When from the Constitution came into effect?

26.1.1950 (26th January was chosen as the Republic Day and effect of the Constitution, as it was on this date in 1930 it was decided to observe the Independence Day).

Q17. What was the content of the Constitution at the time of introduction - 1950?

395 Articles and 8 Schedules in 5 Appendices in 22 Parts. (Of these, Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393 and 394 of the Constitution came into force on 26 November 1949 and the remaining articles on 26 January 1950)

Q18. What is the present content of the Constitution (2011)?
450 Articles and 12 Schedules. (Although 450 Articles have been incorporated the original No.395 is retained as such, by giving alphanumerical numbers for all new articles to avoid disturbance to the already arranged serial. For example Art.21 A pertaining to Right to Education was inserted by the 86th Amendment)
Q19. When were the four additional Schedules added and on what matters?

1. 9th Schedule - I Amendment in 1951 - Land reforms.
2. 10th Schedule - 35th Amendment in 1974 - Disqualification of members on the grounds of defection.
3. 11th Schedule - 73 rd Amendment in 1992 - Administration of Panchayats.
4. 12th Schedule - 74th Amendment in 1992 - on Administration of Municipalities Act.

Q20. Exactly how much time it took for the Constitution to come into effect, from the date the Constituent Assembly was formed?

9.12.1946 to 26.1.1950 - 3 years 1 month and 18 days. However, the actual time time taken by the Committee was only 2 years, 11 months and 18 days. The remaining period was spent on interaction with various section of the people across the country.

Q21. What is the major difference between the Indian and British Constitution?
In India the Constitution is Supreme, while in Britain the Parliament is supreme.
Q22. What unique record the Indian Constitution holds?
Longest written constitution in the world.
Q23. Which Constitutional body acts as the guardian of the Constitution?
Supreme Court of India.
Q24. What are the "Fundamental Rights" guaranteed to the people under our Constitution?

1. Right to Equality - Art. 14 to 18
2. Right to Freedom - Art - 19 to 22
3. Right against Exploitation - Art. 23 -24
4. Right to Freedom of religion - Art. 25 - 28
5. Right to Cultural, Educational Rights - Art. 29-30
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies - Art 32 - 35.
7. Right to Education - Art. 21 A - On 1.4.2010, the Government of Indian enacted a law called Right to Education
Act making education a fundamental right of a Child between 6 to 14 years.

Q25. The words "secular" and "socialist" were added to the Indian Constitution by amending .....?
The Directive Principles.
Q26. What is a Constitutional Post?
Posts to which, persons are appointed by the Constitutional provisions, are called so. Of these, President and Vice President are "elected" while others are appointed by the President, for varying tenures, as recommended by the government.
Q27. What are the Constitutional Posts?

1. President
2. Vice President (both are elected).
3. Chief Justice of Supreme Court;
4. Chief Justice/Judges of Supreme and High Courts;
5. Comptroller and Auditor General of India;
6. Attorney General/Advocate General
7. Governor
8. Chief /Election Commissioner
In these, the President and Vice President are elected posts while the other are nominated and approved/appointed by the President.

Q28. Under which Schedule and what are the languages recognized by the Constitution?

Under Schedule 8 of the Constitution the following 22 languages have been recognized: 1. Assamese  2. Bengali  3. Bodo  4. Dogri  5. Gujarathi  6. Hindi     7. Kannada   8. Kongani   9. Kashmiri  10. Malayalam   11. Manipuri   12. Marathi   13. Maithili   14. Nepali   15. Oriya   16. Punjabi   17. Sanskrit               18. Sindhi   19. Santhali   20. Tamil   21. Telugu  and  22. Urdu. The last addition to Schedule VIII has been made in 2003 by the 82nd Amendment including Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santhali.

Q29. How many members signed the original version of the Constitution?
308 members signed the original hand written English and Hindi version of the constitution.
Q30. Who mooted the idea of a Constituent Assembly?
M.N.Roy, who was instrumental in founding of Communist Party of India mooted the idea of a Constituent Assembly in 1934.
Q31. The words "Sovereign, Socialist, Secular" were introduced by...?
42nd Amendment which came into force on December, 18, 1976. Thus the country is now known as Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic of India.
Q32. Indian Constitution has been prepared by borrowing many salient features of other countries. Name the sources and the subjects?
SOURCE CONSTITUTION   SALIENT FEATURES BORROWED
 British   Parliamentary Government, Rule of Law, Single Citizenship, Cabinet System.
 United States of  America   Fundamental Rights, Judicial Review, Independence of Judiciary, Impeachment of President,     Removal of Supreme and High Court   Judges.
 Russian   Fundamental Duties and Ideal of Justice.
 Irish   Directive Principles of State Policy, Nomination of members of Rajya Sabha.
 Canada   Federation with strong Centre.
 Australia   Concurrent list, Joint Sitting of two Houses of Parliament.
 Weimer, Germany   Suspension of Fundamental Rights during emergency.
 France   Republic & Ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity in the Preamble
 South Africa   Procedure for amendment of the Constitution
 Japan   Procedure established by law.
Q33. Which was earlier a Fundamental Right, is now a legal right. What is it?
Right to Property: Art. 31. It was a Fundamental Right Until 1979. Under the 44th Amendment 1978, it has now been converted as a "Legal Right" under Art. 300A of the Constitution, with effect from 20th June 1979.
Q34. What are Directive Principles and how are they classified ?
Articles 36 to 51/Part IV - The principles laid down in these articles, command the state to follow certain fundamental principles while they frame their policies. In a way these principles are an assurance to the people as to what they can expect from the state. These are instructions to a government to carry out certain things in the best interest of the welfare of the people.
Q35. What are the Main Directive Principles?

1.   Provision of adequate means of livelihood to all;
2.   Equitable distribution of wealth among all classes of people;
3.   Protection of Children and youth;
4.   Equal pay for equal work to both men and women;
5.   Prevention of cow slaughter;
6.   Free and compulsory education for children upto the age of 14 years;
7.   The right to work, to education, to public assistance in case of employment old age, sickness and disability;
8.   Prohibition of liquor;
9.   Establishment of village panchayats;
10. Protection of historical and national monuments;
11. Separation of Judiciary from Executive to secure for all citizens a uniform civil code throughout the country;
12. Promotion of international cooperation and world security;
13. Free legal aid from the state to weaker sections of the society;
14. State to protect natural environments forests and wild life.
These fourteen Directive Principles have been grouped into four broader categories viz:
1. Economic 2. Gandhian 3. Principles for the promotion of international understanding and 4. Social Principles.

Q36. What importance was attached to the Directive Principles by Dr.B.R.Ambedkar in his own words?
" These declarations are not mere pious declarations. The future legislature and the executive should not merely pay lip service but they must form the very basis of all legislative and executive action.
Q37. What are the Socialist Principles under Directive Principles?

1. State to Secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of people - Art 38
2. Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State - Art. 39
3. Equal justice and free legal aid - Art. 39A
4. Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases - Art 41
5. Provision for just and humane conditions for work and maternity relief - Art - 42.
6. Living Wage etc. for workers - Art. 43
7. Participation of workers in management of Industries - Art. 43
8. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and other weaker Sections - Art. 46.

Q38. What are the Gandhian Principles under Directive Principles?

1. Organization of Village Panchayats - Art. 40
2. Promote Cottage Industries on individual or cooperative basis in rural areas - Art. 46
3. Insists that the state shall endeavour to effect prohibition of the consumption, except for medical purposes, of intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injurious to health -Art 47
4. Organization of Agriculture and Animal husbandry - Art. 48

Q39. What are the Liberal Principles under Directive Principles?

1. Definition of State - Art. 36
2. Application of Directive Principles - Art. 37
3. Uniform Civil code for the Citizens - Art. 44
4. Provision for early childhood care and education to children below age of six years - Art. 45
5. Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life - Art. 48
6. Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance Art. 49
7. Separation of judiciary from executive - Art. 50 8. Promotion of International peace and security - Art. 51.

Q40. What is the legal status of these Directive Principles?
After the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution, these Directive Principles have become enforceable through law courts.
Q41. What are the distinctions between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles?
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS  DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES
1.These are negative as they prohibit the state from doing certain things  They are positive as they require the state to do certain things.
2.These are justiciable  These are non-justiciable.
3.They aim at establishing democracy in the country  They aim at social and political democracy in the country.
4.These have legal sanctions  These have moral and political sanctions
5.They promote the welfare of the individual  They promote the welfare of the community.
6.Can be suspended during emergency  No such provision.
7.They are automatically enforced  They are not automatically enforced.
8.The Courts are bound to declare a law violative of any of the furndamental          rights as unconstitutional and invalid.  The courts cannot declare a law violative of any of the Directive   Principles as unconstitutional and invalid.
Q42. In which Article of the Constitution the fundamental duties of a citizen are envisaged?
Article 51-These duties were incorporated in the Constitution under the Swaran Singh Committee reports as 42nd Amendment Act.
Q43. What are the Fundamental Duties of a citizen?

1. To abide by the Constitution and respect its deals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
3. To uphold and protect the Sovereignty, Unity and Integrity of India.
4. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all the people of India.
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
7. To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life.
8. To develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
9. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
10.To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the national constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.
11.To provide opportunities for education to his child between age of 6 to 14 years. This duty was added to the Constitution by the 86th Amendment Act in 2002.

Q44. NAME OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION IN OFFICIAL LANGUAGES OF INDIA:
Terminology   Language
Bharatiya Songbidhan   Assamese, Bengali
Bharatiya Sambidhan   Gujarati, Hindi,Maithili,Punjabi
Bharatada Samvidhana   Kannada
Bharatha Bharanaghadana   Malayalam
Bharatiya Sambidhana   Odia
Bharatiya Samvidhan   Odia
Bhaarataachee Rajyaghaa Tanaa   Marathi
Bharatiya Samvidhanam   Sanskrit
Indhiya Arasiyal Amaippu Chattam   Tamil
Bharatiya Rajyaangam   Telugu
Majmi-e-qawaneen-e-Hindustan   }
Aharati Aaiin   }Urdu.