B.R. Ambedkar and thus he was called the "Father of Indian Constitution".
Prem Bihari Raizada - in his own handwriting in a flowing italic style in the best calligraphic traditions of our country.
B.R.Ambedkar led Committee consisted of 1. Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, 2. Gopalaswamy Iyengar, 3. Dr.K.M.Munshi, 4. Syed Muhammad Saudulla, 5. B.I.Mitter, 6. N.Madhava Rao, 7. D.P. Khaitan and 8. T.T. Krishnamachari.
WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRACTIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens -
JUSTICE - social, economic and political.
LIBERTY - of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY - of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all;
FRATERNITY - assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation.
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY, this twentysixth day of November, 1949, DO HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
26.11.1949 - passed by the Constituent Assembly.
26.1.1950 (26th January was chosen as the Republic Day and effect of the Constitution, as it was on this date in 1930 it was decided to observe the Independence Day).
395 Articles and 8 Schedules in 5 Appendices in 22 Parts. (Of these, Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393 and 394 of the Constitution came into force on 26 November 1949 and the remaining articles on 26 January 1950)
1. 9th Schedule - I Amendment in 1951 - Land reforms.
2. 10th Schedule - 35th Amendment in 1974 - Disqualification of members on the grounds of defection.
3. 11th Schedule - 73 rd Amendment in 1992 - Administration of Panchayats.
4. 12th Schedule - 74th Amendment in 1992 - on Administration of Municipalities Act.
9.12.1946 to 26.1.1950 - 3 years 1 month and 18 days. However, the actual time time taken by the Committee was only 2 years, 11 months and 18 days. The remaining period was spent on interaction with various section of the people across the country.
1. Right to Equality - Art. 14 to 18
2. Right to Freedom - Art - 19 to 22
3. Right against Exploitation - Art. 23 -24
4. Right to Freedom of religion - Art. 25 - 28
5. Right to Cultural, Educational Rights - Art. 29-30
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies - Art 32 - 35.
7. Right to Education - Art. 21 A - On 1.4.2010, the Government of Indian enacted a law called Right to Education
Act making education a fundamental right of a Child between 6 to 14 years.
1. President
2. Vice President (both are elected).
3. Chief Justice of Supreme Court;
4. Chief Justice/Judges of Supreme and High Courts;
5. Comptroller and Auditor General of India;
6. Attorney General/Advocate General
7. Governor
8. Chief /Election Commissioner
In these, the President and Vice President are elected posts while the other are nominated and approved/appointed by the President.
Under Schedule 8 of the Constitution the following 22 languages have been recognized: 1. Assamese 2. Bengali 3. Bodo 4. Dogri 5. Gujarathi 6. Hindi 7. Kannada 8. Kongani 9. Kashmiri 10. Malayalam 11. Manipuri 12. Marathi 13. Maithili 14. Nepali 15. Oriya 16. Punjabi 17. Sanskrit 18. Sindhi 19. Santhali 20. Tamil 21. Telugu and 22. Urdu. The last addition to Schedule VIII has been made in 2003 by the 82nd Amendment including Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santhali.
SOURCE CONSTITUTION | SALIENT FEATURES BORROWED |
British | Parliamentary Government, Rule of Law, Single Citizenship, Cabinet System. |
United States of America | Fundamental Rights, Judicial Review, Independence of Judiciary, Impeachment of President, Removal of Supreme and High Court Judges. |
Russian | Fundamental Duties and Ideal of Justice. |
Irish | Directive Principles of State Policy, Nomination of members of Rajya Sabha. |
Canada | Federation with strong Centre. |
Australia | Concurrent list, Joint Sitting of two Houses of Parliament. |
Weimer, Germany | Suspension of Fundamental Rights during emergency. |
France | Republic & Ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity in the Preamble |
South Africa | Procedure for amendment of the Constitution |
Japan | Procedure established by law. |
1. Provision of adequate means of livelihood to all;
2. Equitable distribution of wealth among all classes of people;
3. Protection of Children and youth;
4. Equal pay for equal work to both men and women;
5. Prevention of cow slaughter;
6. Free and compulsory education for children upto the age of 14 years;
7. The right to work, to education, to public assistance in case of employment old age, sickness and disability;
8. Prohibition of liquor;
9. Establishment of village panchayats;
10. Protection of historical and national monuments;
11. Separation of Judiciary from Executive to secure for all citizens a uniform civil code throughout the country;
12. Promotion of international cooperation and world security;
13. Free legal aid from the state to weaker sections of the society;
14. State to protect natural environments forests and wild life.
These fourteen Directive Principles have been grouped into four broader categories viz:
1. Economic 2. Gandhian 3. Principles for the promotion of international understanding and 4. Social Principles.
1. State to Secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of people - Art 38
2. Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State - Art. 39
3. Equal justice and free legal aid - Art. 39A
4. Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases - Art 41
5. Provision for just and humane conditions for work and maternity relief - Art - 42.
6. Living Wage etc. for workers - Art. 43
7. Participation of workers in management of Industries - Art. 43
8. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and other weaker Sections - Art. 46.
1. Organization of Village Panchayats - Art. 40
2. Promote Cottage Industries on individual or cooperative basis in rural areas - Art. 46
3. Insists that the state shall endeavour to effect prohibition of the consumption, except for medical purposes, of intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injurious to health -Art 47
4. Organization of Agriculture and Animal husbandry - Art. 48
1. Definition of State - Art. 36
2. Application of Directive Principles - Art. 37
3. Uniform Civil code for the Citizens - Art. 44
4. Provision for early childhood care and education to children below age of six years - Art. 45
5. Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life - Art. 48
6. Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance Art. 49
7. Separation of judiciary from executive - Art. 50 8. Promotion of International peace and security - Art. 51.
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS | DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES |
1.These are negative as they prohibit the state from doing certain things | They are positive as they require the state to do certain things. |
2.These are justiciable | These are non-justiciable. |
3.They aim at establishing democracy in the country | They aim at social and political democracy in the country. |
4.These have legal sanctions | These have moral and political sanctions |
5.They promote the welfare of the individual | They promote the welfare of the community. |
6.Can be suspended during emergency | No such provision. |
7.They are automatically enforced | They are not automatically enforced. |
8.The Courts are bound to declare a law violative of any of the furndamental rights as unconstitutional and invalid. | The courts cannot declare a law violative of any of the Directive Principles as unconstitutional and invalid. |
1. To abide by the Constitution and respect its deals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
3. To uphold and protect the Sovereignty, Unity and Integrity of India.
4. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all the people of India.
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
7. To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life.
8. To develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
9. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
10.To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the national constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.
11.To provide opportunities for education to his child between age of 6 to 14 years. This duty was added to the Constitution by the 86th Amendment Act in 2002.
Terminology | Language |
Bharatiya Songbidhan | Assamese, Bengali |
Bharatiya Sambidhan | Gujarati, Hindi,Maithili,Punjabi |
Bharatada Samvidhana | Kannada |
Bharatha Bharanaghadana | Malayalam |
Bharatiya Sambidhana | Odia |
Bharatiya Samvidhan | Odia |
Bhaarataachee Rajyaghaa Tanaa | Marathi |
Bharatiya Samvidhanam | Sanskrit |
Indhiya Arasiyal Amaippu Chattam | Tamil |
Bharatiya Rajyaangam | Telugu |
Majmi-e-qawaneen-e-Hindustan | } |
Aharati Aaiin | }Urdu. |
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